All Flashcards
Who was John Locke?
Enlightenment thinker who advocated for natural rights (life, liberty, property).
Who was Montesquieu?
Enlightenment thinker who advocated for separation of powers in government.
Who was Rousseau?
Enlightenment thinker who emphasized the social contract between people and government.
Who was Toussaint L'Ouverture?
Leader of the Haitian Revolution, leading enslaved people to independence.
Who was Simon Bolivar?
Led independence movements in South America.
Who was Count di Cavour?
Used Realpolitik to unify Italy.
Who was Otto von Bismarck?
Used wars and political maneuvering to unify Germany.
Who was Lola Rodriguez de Tio?
A poet who inspired revolution against Spanish rule in Puerto Rico and Cuba.
Who was Napoleon Bonaparte?
French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars.
Who were Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi?
Key figures in the Italian Unification.
What is 'Enlightenment'?
18th-century philosophical movement emphasizing reason and individual rights.
Define 'Natural Rights'.
Rights inherent to all humans, like life, liberty, and property (Locke).
What is the 'Social Contract'?
The idea that government legitimacy comes from the consent of the governed.
Define 'Tabula Rasa'.
The idea that individuals are born without built-in mental content, and therefore all knowledge comes from experience or perception.
What is 'Mercantilism'?
Economic policy where colonies exist to benefit the mother country.
Define 'Nationalism'.
Identification with and devotion to one's nation; can be unifying or divisive.
What is 'Realpolitik'?
Political strategy based on practical considerations rather than ideology.
Define 'Creoles'.
People of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas.
What is the 'Estates General'?
A general assembly representing the French estates of the realm: the clergy (First Estate), nobles (Second Estate), and common people (Third Estate).
Define 'Peninsulares'.
Spanish-born Spaniards residing in the Spanish colonies.
What happened during the American Revolution?
American colonies fought for and won independence from Great Britain (1775-1783).
What happened during the French Revolution?
French society overthrew the monarchy, leading to radical changes and eventually Napoleonic rule (1789-1799).
What happened during the Haitian Revolution?
Enslaved people in Haiti revolted and established the first black-led republic (1791-1804).
What happened during the Latin American Revolutions?
Creoles led movements for independence from Spanish rule in the early 1800s.
What happened during the New Zealand Wars?
Maori tribes resisted British colonial expansion in New Zealand (1845-1872).
What happened during Italian Unification?
Various Italian states were united into a single nation (1815-1871).
What happened during German Unification?
German states were united into a single empire under Prussian leadership (1815-1871).
What was the Storming of the Bastille?
A pivotal event in the French Revolution; a symbol of the people's uprising against royal authority.
What was the Reign of Terror?
A period of extreme violence and executions during the French Revolution.
What was the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen?
A fundamental document of the French Revolution that defined individual and collective rights.