Cause: Portuguese colonization. Effect: United African tribes and resisted, but ultimately Portuguese took over.

Cause: Oppression of Russian serfs. Effect: Rebellion crushed, leading to harsher conditions for serfs.

Cause: Power imbalance between Muslim Mughals and Hindu population. Effect: End of Mughal Empire and establishment of the Maratha Empire.

Cause: Spanish oppression and forced conversion. Effect: Spanish were temporarily driven out, but later returned.

Cause: British colonial expansion. Effect: Major blow to indigenous power in New England.

Cause: Catholic King James II's anti-Protestant policies. Effect: Overthrow of James II and establishment of a constitutional monarchy.

Cause: Desire for freedom from slavery and indentured servitude. Effect: Failed rebellion, leading to stricter racist policies.

Queen Nzinga wanted to secure guns for her people.

The government crushed the rebellion, leading to even harsher conditions for serfs.

Giving some rights to lower-class whites to divide and conquer. Black slaves remained enslaved for another 200 years.

Both were driven by a desire to maintain autonomy against European expansion, but the Pueblo Revolt had more initial success.

Both were rebellions against established authority, but one was internal (serfs vs. Russian government) and the other external (Native Americans vs. British colonists).

Both involved challenges to existing power structures, but one was a religious/ethnic conflict, and the other was a political/religious conflict.

Russian serfdom was unique because it tied peasants to the land with strict laws, unlike the gradual decline of serfdom in Western Europe.

The Mughal Empire was a Muslim state known for its centralized government and cultural achievements, while the Maratha Empire was a Hindu state known for its powerful military.

The Gloucester County Rebellion sought freedom from slavery and indentured servitude, while Metacom's War aimed to reclaim Native land from British colonists.

The Pueblo Revolt was caused by Spanish oppression and forced conversion, while Metacom's War was caused by British colonial expansion.

The Pugachev Rebellion was crushed, leading to harsher conditions for serfs, while the Glorious Revolution led to a constitutional monarchy and the English Bill of Rights.

The Maratha rebellion was driven by conflict between Hindu and Muslim communities, while the Glorious Revolution was driven by conflict between Protestants and Catholics.

Queen Nzinga was a warrior and diplomat who led troops in battle, while Catherine the Great was a politically savvy empress who modernized Russia.

A system where peasants are bound to the land and subject to the will of their landlord.

Communities of escaped serfs in Russia, known for their rebellious nature.

Communities of escaped slaves in the Americas and Caribbean.

A Muslim empire that ruled much of the Indian subcontinent, known for its cultural achievements and centralized government.

A Hindu empire that challenged and eventually replaced Mughal rule in India.

The overthrow of King James II of England by William of Orange, resulting in a constitutional monarchy.

An act of the Parliament of England that sets out certain basic civil rights and clarifies who would be next to inherit the Crown.

Native American people living in the Southwestern United States.

The action or process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area.

Originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native.