Conflict and American Independence, 1754–1800

To interpret laws

To make laws

To appoint judges

To enforce laws

It ended the American Revolutionary War.

It abolished slavery.

It replaced the weaker Articles of Confederation.

It initiated the westward expansion.

It facilitates direct voting on legislation by citizens in all states.

It ensures a balanced representation between states and population.

It centralizes legislative authority into a single body.

It divides the nation into independent governing regions.

It led to immediate tax reforms under the Articles that better supported war veterans like Daniel Shays.

It highlighted weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation, leading to calls for a stronger central government.

It directly resulted in an amendment process for future changes to governmental structure.

It established judicial review as part of checks and balances within the new government framework.

It introduced the concept of judicial override, whereby courts nullify legislative actions deemed unconstitutional.

It abolished any form of monarchy, solidifying republicanism as the sole framework for governing.

It decentralized power, allowing sovereign states to operate independently under a loose confederation.

It established a bicameral legislature, balancing the interests of both populous and smaller states through the Senate and the House of Representatives, respectively.

Concerns about political representation's inclusivity.

Efforts towards achieving universal suffrage.

Initiatives to establish diplomatic ties with African nations.

Moves to enhance educational access for marginalized communities.

It elects the President and Vice President.

It determines who will serve in Congress.

Validates state electoral results for nationwide accuracy.

Supervises voting procedures during national elections.

It stipulated an excessive check on executive power.

It allowed too much power to state governments.

It proposed too weak a central government.

It lacked a Bill of Rights to protect individual liberties.

Their advocacy judicial restraint led appointment first justices who favored narrowing interpretation delegated powers.

They secured promises for a Bill Rights which would safeguard individual liberties against central authority excesses.

They forced revision via Article V conventions repealing certain provisions including supremacy clause.

They were instrumental establishing precedent Senate approval before presidential appointments being finalized.

James Monroe

John Jay

Roger Sherman

George Washington