Both were lenient towards the South, but Johnson's plan allowed for Black Codes, which Lincoln likely would have opposed.

Presidential Reconstruction was lenient and focused on quick reunification, while Congressional Reconstruction was stricter and aimed to protect Black rights.

Black Codes came first, limiting freedom after the Civil War. Jim Crow laws came later, enforcing segregation in the late 19th and 20th centuries.

The 14th Amendment granted citizenship and equal protection, while the 15th Amendment granted voting rights to African American men.

The Freedmen's Bureau aimed to help formerly enslaved people, while the Black Codes aimed to restrict their rights and freedoms.

The Wade-Davis Bill was much stricter, requiring 50% of voters to take a loyalty oath, while Lincoln's 10% Plan was more lenient.

Radical Republicans aimed to protect Black rights and punish the South, while Southern Democrats sought to restore white supremacy and limit federal intervention.

The 13th Amendment abolished slavery, while the 14th Amendment granted citizenship and equal protection under the law, providing a broader foundation for civil rights.

Short-term: some progress in black political participation and education. Long-term: failure to achieve full equality, rise of Jim Crow laws.

Before: limited role in protecting individual rights. After: more powerful, with a mandate to protect citizens' rights, though often inconsistently applied.

President of the United States during the Civil War, he proposed the 10% Plan for Reconstruction.

President after Lincoln's assassination, his lenient Reconstruction policies were opposed by Congress.

The first African American congressmen during Reconstruction.

Secretary of War whose attempted firing by Johnson led to Johnson's impeachment.

As President (1869-1877), he supported Congressional Reconstruction and attempted to protect Black voting rights.

A group of Republicans in Congress who advocated for strong measures to punish the South and protect the rights of African Americans.

A leader of the Radical Republicans in the House of Representatives, advocating for Black rights and land redistribution.

A leader of the Radical Republicans in the Senate, advocating for Black rights and equality.

Northerners who moved to the South during Reconstruction, often seeking economic or political opportunities.

White Southerners who cooperated with Reconstruction governments.

Cause: Lincoln's lenient Reconstruction plan angered some. Effect: Andrew Johnson became president, leading to clashes with Congress.

Cause: Southern states wanted to maintain white supremacy. Effect: Restricted African Americans' rights and led to Congressional Reconstruction.

Cause: Johnson's opposition to Congressional Reconstruction. Effect: Weakened the presidency and strengthened Congressional control over Reconstruction.

Cause: Radical Republicans sought to protect Black rights. Effect: The South was divided into military districts, and states had to ratify the 14th Amendment.

Cause: To grant black men the right to vote. Effect: Increased black political participation, but faced resistance in the South.

Cause: Disputed presidential election of 1876. Effect: Withdrawal of federal troops from the South, effectively ending Reconstruction.

Cause: White Southerners resisted Reconstruction and black equality. Effect: Violence and intimidation against African Americans and their supporters.

Cause: To aid formerly enslaved people and poor whites in the South. Effect: Provided education, food, and medical care, but faced limited resources and opposition.

Cause: To counter the Black Codes and protect the rights of African Americans. Effect: Declared all people born in the US citizens, but was later challenged and reinforced by the 14th Amendment.

Cause: Economic downturn. Effect: Diverted attention from Reconstruction, weakening support for federal intervention in the South.