All Flashcards
Define 'tariff'.
Taxes on imported goods, used to generate revenue and protect domestic industries.
What is 'impressment'?
The act of forcibly enlisting people into military service, often used by the British against American sailors.
Define 'neutrality'.
A policy of not supporting or helping either side in a conflict or disagreement.
What is 'nullification'?
The idea that a state can declare a federal law unconstitutional and refuse to enforce it.
Define 'sedition'.
Conduct or speech inciting people to rebel against the authority of a state or monarch.
What is the 'cabinet'?
A body of advisors to the president, composed of the heads of the executive departments of the government.
Define 'assumption of debt'.
The federal government taking on the debts of the states.
What are 'states' rights'?
The rights and powers held by individual US states rather than by the federal government.
What is a 'political party'?
A group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government.
Define 'funding at full face value'.
Paying back debts at their original value, regardless of market fluctuations.
Who was George Washington?
The first US President, who established many precedents and kept the US neutral.
Who was Alexander Hamilton?
The first Secretary of the Treasury, who created a financial plan to stabilize the US economy.
Who was Thomas Jefferson?
The first Secretary of State, third US President, and leader of the Democratic-Republicans.
Who was James Madison?
Drafted the Bill of Rights and co-authored the Virginia Resolutions.
Who was John Adams?
The second US President, who navigated the Quasi-War with France.
Who was John Jay?
Negotiated Jay's Treaty with Britain.
What was Washington's contribution?
Established the cabinet, maintained neutrality, and suppressed the Whiskey Rebellion, setting precedents for the presidency.
What was Hamilton's contribution?
Stabilized the US economy through his financial plan, including the assumption of state debts and the creation of a national bank.
What was Jefferson's contribution?
Advocated for states' rights and individual liberties, opposing Federalist policies.
What was Adams' contribution?
Avoided a full-scale war with France during the Quasi-War, despite domestic political challenges.
Causes and effects of Hamilton's financial plan?
Causes: US needed to stabilize its economy and strengthen the federal government. Effects: Creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts, and political divisions.
Causes and effects of the Whiskey Rebellion?
Cause: Farmers protested the whiskey tax. Effect: Showed the federal government's power and led to political divisions.
Causes and effects of the Proclamation of Neutrality?
Cause: War between Britain and France. Effect: Kept the US out of the war, allowing it time to stabilize.
Causes and effects of Jay's Treaty?
Cause: British presence along the northern border and impressment of American sailors. Effect: Further divided political parties in America.
Causes and effects of the XYZ Affair?
Cause: France was upset about Jay's Treaty. Effect: Quasi-War with France.
Causes and effects of the Alien and Sedition Acts?
Cause: Federalist desire to suppress political opposition. Effect: Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, increased political tension.
What caused the rise of political parties?
Disagreements over Hamilton's financial plan, foreign policy (French Revolution), and the extent of federal power.
Causes and effects of Washington's Farewell Address?
Cause: Washington's concern for the nation's future. Effect: Established the two-term tradition and warned against foreign alliances and political parties.
What caused the Quasi-War?
The XYZ Affair and French anger over Jay's Treaty.
Causes and effects of the Bill of Rights?
Cause: Anti-Federalist demand for protection of individual liberties. Effect: Ratification of the Constitution and guarantee of fundamental rights.