Causes: Competition over Ohio Valley. Effects: British victory, increased debt, end of salutary neglect, increased tensions with colonies.

Causes: British need to raise revenue. Effects: Colonial protests, 'no taxation without representation' cry, boycotts, Stamp Act Congress.

Causes: Protest against the Tea Act. Effects: Intolerable Acts, increased colonial unity, move towards revolution.

Causes: Economic hardship among farmers. Effects: Highlighted the weakness of the Articles of Confederation, led to calls for a stronger national government.

Causes: French anger over Jay's Treaty. Effects: Quasi-War with France, increased anti-French sentiment in the US, Alien and Sedition Acts.

Causes: Fear of foreign influence and criticism of the government. Effects: Limited free speech, increased political divisions, backlash against the Federalist Party.

Causes: Taxation without representation, Enlightenment ideals, British policies. Effects: US independence, creation of a new republic, westward expansion.

Causes: Opposition to Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey. Effects: Demonstrated the power of the federal government under the Constitution, solidified Federalist authority.

Causes: Social and political inequality, Enlightenment ideals. Effects: Overthrow of the French monarchy, Reign of Terror, Napoleonic Wars, debates over US foreign policy.

Causes: British desire to prevent conflict with Native Americans after the French and Indian War. Effects: Angered colonists who wanted to settle west, increased tensions with Britain.

Causes: British need for revenue. Effects: Colonial boycotts, increased tensions, eventual repeal (except for the tea tax).

Causes: British attempt to help the East India Company. Effects: Boston Tea Party, Intolerable Acts.

Articles: Weak central government, states retained sovereignty. Constitution: Stronger federal government, divided powers, checks and balances.

Federalists: Supported the Constitution, strong central government. Anti-Federalists: Opposed the Constitution, favored states' rights, demanded a Bill of Rights.

Jay's Treaty: Controversial treaty with Britain, addressed some issues but seen as weak. Pinckney's Treaty: Successful treaty with Spain, granted US navigation rights on the Mississippi River.

Strict: Literal interpretation, limited federal power. Loose: Broad interpretation, expanded federal power (Hamilton).

First: Sought to address grievances with Britain. Second: Declared independence and formed a new government.

Hamilton: Federalist, strong central government, industrial economy. Jefferson: Anti-Federalist, states' rights, agrarian economy.

Sugar Act: Indirect tax on trade. Stamp Act: Direct tax on printed materials, sparking greater colonial outrage.

Loyalists: Supported the British crown. Patriots: Supported American independence.

American: Taxation without representation, British policies. French: Social inequality, economic hardship, Enlightenment ideals.

Federalists: Believed in a strong central government to maintain order and promote economic growth. Anti-Federalists: Feared a strong central government and advocated for states' rights to protect individual liberties.

'Common Sense': Swayed public opinion towards independence. Declaration: Officially declared independence and articulated the principles of self-government.

Albany Plan: Proposed colonial union before the Revolution, ultimately rejected. Articles of Confederation: First government of the US, characterized by a weak central authority.

British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws, meant to keep the American colonies obedient to England.

Economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism.

Rights inherent to all human beings, often including life, liberty, and property (as articulated by John Locke).

British response to the 'no taxation without representation' argument, claiming that Parliament represented all British subjects, including colonists.

A system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and constituent political units (states).

Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution, granting Congress the power to pass all laws 'necessary and proper' for carrying out the enumerated powers.

A system in which the different parts of a government have powers that affect and control the other parts so that no part can become too powerful.

Interpreting the Constitution based on a literal and narrow definition of the language without reference to differences in conditions when the Constitution was written.

Interpreting the Constitution based on the belief that the document permitted everything that it did not expressly forbid.

Colonial boycotts of British goods in response to taxes like the Stamp Act, demonstrating colonial unity.

A plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 for a unified government for the Thirteen Colonies. It was ultimately rejected by the colonies.

A controversial act passed in 1798 that limited free speech, particularly criticism of the government. It was associated with John Adams' presidency.