Social Psychology
When people overestimate the frequency of stereotyped behaviors because those instances stand out more in their memory than non-stereotypical behaviors, they are demonstrating what concept?
Actor-observer bias
Fundamental attribution error
Illusory correlation
Confirmation bias
What does the Robber's Cave Experiment illustrate about prejudice and in-group bias?
Prejudice is a learned behavior that comes solely from parenting style.
Discrimination arises only when resources are scarce.
In-group favoritism and intergroup conflict can be created based on arbitrary group distinctions.
Conflict between groups always leads to increased hostility towards out-groups.
In Scapegoat Theory, which aspect features prominently in fostering discriminatory behavior?
Conformity to societal norms about certain groups .
Tendency to view out-group members as more similar than they actually are .
Aggression towards a vulnerable group during societal stress.
Rewarding of stereotypes by peers.
What is a promising method for reducing implicit bias in healthcare professionals?
Hope that biases will naturally decrease over time without intervention.
Suggest healthcare professionals avoid patients from certain racial or ethnic backgrounds to prevent biased treatment.
Provide structured, ongoing bias training that includes both awareness and skill-building components.
Request healthcare professionals to self-police their biases without any formal guidance or training.
How could researchers investigate if stereotype threat influences academic performance differently across distinct social groups in a high-pressure exam setting?
By conducting a factorial design experiment where students from various social groups take exams under conditions that either prime or do not prime stereotype threat.
By having students complete self-esteem questionnaires after exams to see if there is an association with their social group membership.
Via a qualitative analysis of interviews with students about their perceptions of stereotypes without focusing on exam performance.
By performing a longitudinal study observing students' GPA over several years without any specific intervention related to stereotype threat.
Which method would psychologists likely use to explore individual experiences of discrimination without aiming for generalization?
Qualitative interviews
Incorrect answer
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A qualitative interview approach allows depth exploration into personal experiences without necessarily seeking patterns that apply broadly.
In the context of social identity theory, why might an individual exhibit in-group bias?
As a result of observing discriminatory actions modeled by authority figures.
Because they have directly experienced rewards for doing so.
Due to a lack of exposure to diverse groups during early childhood.
To enhance their self-esteem by favoring their own group over others.

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When assessing whether a client's compulsive hand-washing is maladaptive which factor would be most important for determining its pathology based on current clinical practices?
Negative reinforcement cycle associated with reduction in anxiety when performing hand-washing rituals.
Number, frequency, duration, intensity observed during episodes of compulsive hand-washing compared to peers/historical norms.
Whether hand-washing rituals significantly disrupt daily functioning, interpersonal relationships, or cause marked distress.
Unofficial Misattribution: cognitive biases influencing client's belief about hygiene threats necessitating excessive hand-washing.
How might cultural norms influence the manifestation of in-group bias in collectivist versus individualist societies?
In collectivist societies, in-group bias may be reinforced by strong societal emphasis on group harmony and loyalty.
In individualist societies, in-group bias is less prevalent due to the prioritization of personal over group identity.
Collectivist societies show fewer instances of in-group bias as interdependence reduces competition among groups.
Individualist and collectivist societies exhibit similar levels of in-group bias since it is a universal human tendency.
How does confirmation bias potentially contribute to maintaining stereotypes within social groups?
People adjust their opinions on encountering information that challenges prevailing group norms
People tend to seek out information that confirms existing beliefs while ignoring contradictory evidence
Outgroup homogeneity effect causes exaggerated perception differences between ingroups outgroups
High levels of stress prompt individuals from exclusive reliance on personal experience versus established facts