All Flashcards
Explain the concept of 'Explanatory Style'.
How you handle stress impacts vulnerability to depression; can be stable, global, or internal.
What is Stimulus Generalization in anxiety disorders?
Fear of all similar stimuli after a negative experience (e.g., fear of all bugs after a bee sting).
How does Reinforcement affect phobias?
Avoidance reinforces phobias, creating a difficult cycle to break.
How can observational learning lead to anxiety?
Fear can be learned by watching others.
How does evolutionary perspective explain phobias?
Fears are often of things that threatened our ancestors.
Explain the biological factors in mood disorders.
Genetic predisposition, smaller left frontal lobe, neurotransmitter imbalances (low norepinephrine and serotonin).
What is the social-cognitive perspective on depression?
Low self-esteem and negative views of life contribute to depression.
What are the key characteristics of a panic attack?
Physical symptoms like sweating, fast heart rate, and dizziness, coupled with intense fear.
What role do obsessions play in OCD?
Obsessions are the repetitive thoughts that cause anxiety, driving the compulsive behaviors.
What role do compulsions play in OCD?
Compulsions are the repetitive behaviors that result from obsessions, aimed at reducing anxiety.
How does autonomic nervous system relate to GAD?
Generalized Anxiety Disorder is characterized by exaggerated arousal of the autonomic nervous system.
Define Major Depressive Disorder (MDD).
Severe, lasting depression characterized by depressed mood and loss of interest for a sustained period.
What is Dysthymic Disorder?
Mild, persistent depression lasting at least two years.
Define Bipolar Disorder.
Mood disorder characterized by mood swings between depression and mania or hypomania.
What is Mania?
Hyperactive, euphoric state, with impulsivity and reckless behavior.
Define Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI).
A coping mechanism related to past traumas that includes any method of self-harm.
What is Panic Disorder?
Mix of physiological and fear-based anxiety, with unpredictable panic attacks.
Define Obsessions in OCD.
Repetitive thoughts that cause anxiety.
What are Compulsions in OCD?
Repetitive behaviors that result from obsessions.
Define Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD).
Consistent anxiety about worst-case scenarios regarding ongoing events.
What is a Phobia?
Disruptive fear of a specific source, leading to avoidant behavior.
Define Social Anxiety Disorder.
Anxiety caused by social interactions, fear of rejection or judgment.
What is Agoraphobia?
Fear of situations where escape might be difficult, often leading to avoidance of public places.
Give an example of how 'stable' explanatory style affects depression.
Believing 'It's going to last forever' after a negative event.
How does 'global' explanatory style relate to depression?
Thinking 'It's going to affect everything I do' after a setback.
Example of 'internal' explanatory style in depression?
Blaming oneself and thinking 'It's all my fault' after a failure.
How is stimulus generalization seen in phobias after a bee sting?
Developing a fear of all bugs, not just bees.
How does avoiding dogs reinforce a phobia?
Each time a person avoids dogs, the anxiety is reduced, reinforcing the avoidance behavior.
How might someone learn a phobia through observational learning?
A child seeing their parent react fearfully to spiders might develop a spider phobia.
How might evolutionary fears manifest today?
A fear of heights or snakes, which were dangers to our ancestors.
How can excessive hand-washing be related to OCD?
Excessive hand-washing can be a compulsion driven by the obsession of concern with dirt, germs, or toxins.
How can checking doors and locks be related to OCD?
Checking doors and locks can be a compulsion driven by the obsession of something bad happening.
How can symmetry, order, and exactness be related to OCD?
Symmetry, order, and exactness can be obsessions that lead to compulsions.