All Flashcards
Define Personal Construct Theory.
We develop unique systems of constructs to understand the world; personal filters for interpreting experiences.
What is Reciprocal Determinism?
The dynamic interplay between thoughts, environment, and behavior.
Define Internal Locus of Control.
The belief that you control your own fate.
What is External Locus of Control?
The belief that fate or external forces control your life.
Define Learned Helplessness.
Resigning to a state of helplessness and hopelessness after repeatedly facing aversive events with no control.
What is Optimism?
Looking at the positive side of things, linked to a sense of personal control.
Define Pessimism.
Focusing on the negative aspects, often linked to a lack of perceived control.
What is Self-Esteem?
How much you value yourself; high self-esteem equals confidence, low self-esteem equals insecurity.
Define Self-Efficacy.
Your belief in your ability to complete a task; high self-efficacy leads to greater persistence and success.
What is Self-Serving Bias?
The tendency to perceive oneself favorably, attributing successes to internal factors and failures to external factors.
Define Positive Psychology.
Focuses on positive well-being, health, and education, aiming to help individuals thrive.
Compare Internal vs. External Locus of Control.
Internal: belief in controlling one's fate. External: belief that fate is controlled by external forces.
Compare Self-Esteem and Self-Efficacy.
Self-esteem is how much you value yourself; self-efficacy is your belief in your ability to complete a task.
Compare Optimism and Pessimism.
Optimism is looking at the positive side; pessimism is focusing on the negative aspects.
Compare the focus of Behavioral theories and Social-Cognitive theories.
Behavioral theories focus on the role of the environment and conditioning, while social-cognitive theories emphasize the interplay of thoughts, environment, and behavior.
How do behavioral theories differ from social-cognitive theories in their view of cognition?
Behavioral theories give less importance to cognition, while social-cognitive theories consider it a key factor.
Compare the roles of reinforcement and cognition in shaping behavior.
Reinforcement shapes behavior through rewards and punishments, while cognition involves mental processes.
Compare the individual's role in shaping their personality in behavioral vs. social-cognitive theories.
Behavioral: passive recipient of environmental influences. Social-cognitive: active agent who influences and is influenced by the environment.
Compare the concepts of self-esteem and self-efficacy in terms of their impact on motivation.
Self-esteem affects overall self-worth, while self-efficacy affects motivation to complete specific tasks.
Compare the effects of internal and external locus of control on coping with stress.
Internal: active problem-solving. External: reliance on external factors and less active coping.
Compare the roles of positive and negative reinforcement in shaping behavior.
Positive reinforcement adds a desirable stimulus, while negative reinforcement removes an undesirable stimulus.
What are the effects of high self-esteem?
Confidence, willingness to take on challenges.
What can result from Learned Helplessness?
Feelings of helplessness, hopelessness, and potentially depression.
What is the effect of an internal locus of control on academic performance?
Increased motivation and effort, leading to better academic outcomes.
What is the effect of optimism on stress levels?
Reduced stress levels and improved coping mechanisms.
What is the effect of low self-efficacy on goal setting?
Individuals may set lower goals or avoid challenging tasks.
How does a pessimistic outlook affect health?
It can weaken the immune system and increase the risk of health problems.
What is the impact of a supportive environment on behavior, according to reciprocal determinism?
A supportive environment can foster positive behaviors and thoughts.
What is the effect of repeated punishment on behavior?
It can lead to avoidance of the punished behavior, but also fear and anxiety.
How does high self-efficacy affect resilience?
It increases resilience by fostering a belief in one's ability to overcome challenges.
What is the impact of self-serving bias on relationships?
It can lead to conflict and misunderstandings due to biased attributions.