All Flashcards
Compare Heuristics and Algorithms.
Heuristics are shortcuts, faster but more prone to error. Algorithms are step-by-step, slower but more accurate.
Compare Belief Perseverance and Belief Bias.
Belief perseverance is holding onto a belief after it's discredited. Belief bias is when beliefs distort logical thinking.
Compare Bias and Heuristic.
Biases are systematic errors in thinking, while heuristics are mental shortcuts that can lead to errors. All biases are errors in thinking, but not all heuristics are errors.
Give an example of Functional Fixedness in problem-solving.
Failing to see a box as a platform in the candle problem because you only see it as a container.
Give an example of Availability Heuristic in decision-making.
Parents fearing letting their kids walk to school because they remember a news story about a missing child.
Give an example of Representativeness Heuristic leading to stereotypes.
Assuming a professor is more likely to have attended an Ivy League school than a truck driver.
Give an example of Confirmation Bias in political views.
Republicans watching Fox News to reinforce their political views.
Give an example of Halo Effect.
Assuming an attractive person has a great personality, even without evidence.
Give an example of Self-Serving Bias.
Getting a good grade and thinking it's because you're smart, but getting a bad grade and blaming the teacher.
Give an example of Attentional Bias.
If you're thinking about marine biology, you'll notice more conversations and information related to it.
Give an example of Actor-Observer Bias.
Littering and saying it's because there was no trash can, but thinking someone else littering is just careless.
Give an example of Anchoring Bias.
Over-relying on the first price you see when negotiating.
Give an example of Hindsight Bias.
Saying 'I knew that was going to happen!' after an event, even if it was unpredictable.
Give an example of Framing influencing decisions.
A doctor saying a surgery has a 10% mortality rate vs. a 90% survival rate.
Explain the concept of Functional Fixedness.
It's a type of fixation where you can only see an object for its typical use, limiting creative problem-solving.
Explain the concept of Availability Heuristic.
It's judging the likelihood of events based on how easily they come to mind, which can lead to fearing the wrong things.
Explain the concept of Representativeness Heuristic.
It's judging something based on how well it fits our prototype or stereotype, which can lead to inaccurate judgments and stereotypes.
Explain the concept of Confirmation Bias.
It's the tendency to seek out information that confirms our existing beliefs, leading to polarization and close-mindedness.
Explain the concept of Self-Serving Bias.
It's attributing successes to internal factors and failures to external factors, protecting our self-esteem.
Explain the concept of Framing.
It's the way an issue is presented, which can significantly influence our decisions and judgments, making it a powerful tool for persuasion.