Repeating information to improve memory.

Distributing study sessions over time for better retention.

Continuing to study material even after it is mastered.

Enhanced memory after retrieving information, rather than rereading it.

New information blocks the recall of old information.

Old information blocks the recall of new information.

Inability to recall past memories, especially recent ones.

Inability to form new memories after an event.

Inability to remember how you learned something; also called misattribution error.

Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.

Unconsciously blocking unacceptable thoughts and feelings from conscious awareness.

Trauma can lead to retrograde amnesia, causing the inability to recall past memories, especially recent ones.

Brain injuries can cause both retrograde and anterograde amnesia, impairing the ability to recall past memories and form new ones.

Leading questions can cause the misinformation effect, altering memory and incorporating inaccurate information into one's memory of an event.

The curve shows the rate at which information is forgotten over time if no attempt is made to retain it; forgetting is rapid initially, then levels off.

Forgetting that arises from a strong desire to forget, usually because the experience is too disturbing or traumatic to remember.

We sometimes forget things on purpose, mostly unconsciously, to protect ourselves from painful or unacceptable memories.