All Flashcards
What causes learned helplessness, and what are its effects?
Repeated negative events lead to feeling like you can't control what happens, resulting in giving up.
What causes taste aversion, and what are its effects?
Pairing food with illness leads to a strong dislike for that food.
What is the effect of positive reinforcement on behavior?
Increases the likelihood of the behavior occurring again.
What is the effect of punishment on behavior?
Decreases the likelihood of the behavior occurring again.
What is the cause of preparedness in learning?
Biological wiring to learn some things more easily than others, especially if they help us survive.
What is the effect of observing peers with good attendance?
Can improve attendance through observational learning.
What is the effect of observing peers with poor attendance?
Can decrease attendance through observational learning.
What is the effect of variable ratio reinforcement schedules?
High rates of responding and resistance to extinction.
What is the effect of fixed interval reinforcement schedules?
Responses increase as the time of reinforcement approaches.
Give a real-world example of classical conditioning.
Pavlov's dogs salivating at the sound of a bell.
Give a real-world example of operant conditioning.
Doing homework leads to getting a dollar, which makes the student do homework more often.
Give a real-world example of observational learning.
A student starts using a catchphrase after hearing friends use it repeatedly.
How does learned helplessness apply to real life?
A dog repeatedly shocked with no way to escape will eventually stop trying to avoid the shocks.
How does taste aversion apply to real life?
Getting food poisoning after eating a certain dish makes you never want to eat it again.
How does superstitious behavior apply to real life?
A baseball player wears the same socks every game because they think it brings them luck.
How does preparedness apply to real life?
It's easier to teach a bird to peck for food than to flap its wings to get food.
How does instinctive drift apply to real life?
A pig trained to carry a coin might start rooting it with its snout instead.
How can classical conditioning be used to improve student attendance?
Pairing a fun school event (UCS) with the school bell (CS) to create excitement (CR).
How can operant conditioning be used to improve student attendance?
Rewards for perfect attendance (positive reinforcement) or removing a homework assignment for good attendance (negative reinforcement).
Define classical conditioning.
Learning through association; a stimulus leads to an involuntary response.
Define operant conditioning.
Learning through consequences; voluntary behaviors are reinforced or punished.
Define observational learning.
Learning by watching and imitating the behavior of others.
What is learned helplessness?
Feeling like you can't control what happens after repeated negative events.
What is taste aversion?
Developing a strong dislike for a food after getting sick from it.
Define superstitious behavior.
Believing a random action caused a positive outcome, even if it's not true.
What is preparedness in learning?
Biologically wired to learn some things more easily than others.
What is instinctive drift?
Learned behaviors reverting back to natural instincts.
Define unconditioned stimulus.
A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response.
Define conditioned stimulus.
An originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.