All Flashcards
What is an optimistic explanatory style?
Good things are internal, stable, and global; bad things are external, unstable, and specific.
What is a pessimistic explanatory style?
Good things are external, unstable, and specific; bad things are internal, stable, and global.
What is upward social comparison?
Comparing yourself to someone who's better off; can be motivating or hurt self-esteem.
What is downward social comparison?
Comparing yourself to someone who's worse off; can boost self-esteem but hinder motivation.
Explain the concept of attribution.
The process by which individuals explain the causes of behavior and events.
Explain the concept of internal attribution.
Assigning the cause of behavior to internal factors such as personality, abilities, or effort.
Explain the concept of external attribution.
Assigning the cause of behavior to external factors such as the situation, luck, or other people.
Explain the concept of self-serving bias.
The tendency to attribute successes to internal factors and failures to external factors to maintain self-esteem.
Explain the concept of fundamental attribution error.
The tendency to overestimate the role of dispositional factors and underestimate situational factors when explaining others' behavior.
Explain the concept of the mere exposure effect.
The phenomenon where repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to increased liking of that stimulus.
Explain the concept of self-fulfilling prophecy.
A belief or expectation that leads to behavior that causes the belief to come true.
Compare internal and external attributions.
Internal attributions focus on personal characteristics; external attributions focus on situational factors.
Compare optimistic and pessimistic explanatory styles.
Optimistic styles attribute good events to internal factors and bad events to external factors, while pessimistic styles do the opposite.
Compare actor-observer bias and fundamental attribution error.
Actor-observer bias involves explaining our own behavior, while fundamental attribution error involves explaining others' behavior.
Compare upward and downward social comparison.
Upward comparison is comparing to someone better off, downward is comparing to someone worse off.
Compare internal and external locus of control.
Internal locus of control is the belief that you control your own destiny, while external locus of control is the belief that outside forces control your life.
Compare the fundamental attribution error and the self-serving bias.
The fundamental attribution error is about judging others' behavior, while the self-serving bias is about judging our own behavior.
Compare dispositional and situational attributions.
Dispositional attributions explain behavior based on internal factors, while situational attributions explain behavior based on external factors.
Compare optimistic and pessimistic explanatory styles in terms of their impact on motivation.
Optimistic styles tend to enhance motivation, while pessimistic styles tend to decrease it.
Compare the effects of upward and downward social comparison on self-esteem.
Upward social comparison can lower self-esteem, while downward social comparison can raise it.
Compare the impact of internal and external locus of control on academic performance.
Students with an internal locus of control tend to perform better academically due to their belief in their own abilities and efforts, while those with an external locus may feel helpless and less motivated.
What is the effect of an internal locus of control on coping with stress?
Better coping with stress because individuals take charge and make things happen.
What is the effect of self-fulfilling prophecies on relationships?
Beliefs about a partner can lead to actions that confirm those beliefs, positively or negatively affecting the relationship.
What is the effect of the fundamental attribution error on first impressions?
We tend to make snap judgments about people's character without considering the situation.
What is the effect of relative deprivation on social unrest?
It can lead to feelings of resentment and injustice, potentially causing social unrest.
What are the effects of attribution biases on interpersonal relationships?
Attribution biases can lead to misunderstandings, conflicts, and negative perceptions of others.
What are the effects of an external locus of control on motivation?
An external locus of control can decrease motivation and lead to feelings of helplessness.
What are the effects of social comparison on self-esteem?
Social comparison can either boost or diminish self-esteem depending on the direction and outcome of the comparison.
What are the effects of the mere exposure effect on brand loyalty?
Increased exposure to a brand can lead to greater familiarity and loyalty among consumers.
What are the effects of self-fulfilling prophecies on academic performance?
Positive expectations from teachers can lead to improved student performance, while negative expectations can hinder it.
What are the effects of attribution style on mental health?
Pessimistic attribution styles are associated with increased risk of depression and anxiety.