All Flashcards
Give a real-world example of classical conditioning in advertising.
Pairing a product (NS) with attractive people or enjoyable music (UCS) to create a positive association (CR).
How can classical conditioning explain taste aversions in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy?
Chemotherapy (UCS) causes nausea (UCR). If a patient eats a certain food (NS) before chemo, they may develop a taste aversion (CR) to that food (CS).
How is counterconditioning used to treat phobias?
Pairing the feared stimulus (CS) with a relaxing or positive stimulus (UCS) to reduce the fear response (CR).
How can classical conditioning be used to train pets?
Pairing a command (NS) with a treat or praise (UCS) to create a conditioned response (CR) of obedience to the command (CS).
Give an example of how classical conditioning can lead to anxiety.
A person experiences a panic attack (UCR) in a specific location (UCS). The location (CS) can then trigger anxiety (CR).
What is the effect of repeatedly presenting the CS without the UCS?
Extinction occurs, leading to a gradual weakening and disappearance of the CR.
What is the impact of stimulus generalization?
Responding to similar stimuli can lead to both adaptive and maladaptive behaviors, such as fearing all dogs after being bitten by one.
What is the effect of forward conditioning?
It is the most effective method for establishing a conditioned response.
What is the effect of biological preparedness on learning?
Organisms are more likely to quickly learn associations that are crucial for survival, such as taste aversions.
What is the effect of counterconditioning on phobias?
It can reduce or eliminate phobic responses by replacing negative associations with positive ones.
What is an Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)?
A stimulus that naturally triggers a response.
What is an Unconditioned Response (UCR)?
The natural response to the UCS.
What is a Neutral Stimulus (NS)?
A stimulus that initially does not trigger a response.
What is a Conditioned Stimulus (CS)?
The previously neutral stimulus that, after pairing with the UCS, now triggers a response.
What is a Conditioned Response (CR)?
The learned response to the CS.
Define acquisition in classical conditioning.
The initial stage of learning where an association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus is formed.
What is extinction in classical conditioning?
The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
What is spontaneous recovery?
The reappearance of a conditioned response after a period of extinction.
Define stimulus generalization.
Responding to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus.
Define stimulus discrimination.
The ability to distinguish between similar stimuli and respond only to the specific conditioned stimulus.
What is higher-order conditioning?
Using a conditioned stimulus as an unconditioned stimulus to condition a new neutral stimulus.
Define counterconditioning.
Pairing a conditioned stimulus with a new unconditioned stimulus that elicits an opposite response.
What is taste aversion?
A strong dislike for a particular food that has been associated with nausea or vomiting.
What is habituation?
The process of becoming accustomed to a stimulus and noticing it less and less over time.