All Flashcards
Compare Retrograde and Anterograde Amnesia.
Retrograde amnesia is the loss of past memories; anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories.
Compare Semantic and Episodic Memory.
Semantic memory is for facts; episodic memory is for personal experiences.
Compare Declarative and Nondeclarative Memory.
Declarative memory involves conscious recall; nondeclarative memory influences behavior without conscious awareness.
Compare Maintenance and Elaborative Rehearsal.
Maintenance rehearsal involves repetition; elaborative rehearsal involves connecting to existing knowledge.
Compare Short-Term Memory and Working Memory.
STM is primarily storage; working memory involves active manipulation of information.
Compare Iconic and Echoic Memory.
Iconic memory is visual; echoic memory is auditory.
Compare Priming and Procedural Memory.
Priming is influenced by previous exposure; procedural memory involves skills and habits.
Compare the roles of the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad.
The phonological loop handles verbal information, while the visuospatial sketchpad handles visual and spatial information.
Compare the symptoms of early and late-stage Alzheimer's disease.
Early-stage primarily involves episodic memory loss; late-stage involves language, problem-solving, and daily functioning difficulties.
Compare the effectiveness of chunking and mnemonic devices.
Chunking organizes information into manageable units, while mnemonic devices use associations to aid recall; both enhance memory, but chunking is better for structure and mnemonics for recall.
How is chunking used in everyday life?
Memorizing phone numbers or social security numbers in smaller groups.
How can elaborative rehearsal be used when studying?
Connecting new concepts to personal experiences or existing knowledge.
How does priming affect consumer behavior?
Exposure to certain brands or images can influence purchasing decisions.
How is procedural memory used in sports?
Performing skills like riding a bike or swinging a bat without consciously thinking about it.
How can the self-reference effect improve study habits?
Relating study material to personal experiences to enhance memory.
How might a therapist use priming techniques?
To help patients access repressed memories or change negative associations.
How does understanding working memory help in education?
Teachers can present information in manageable chunks to avoid overloading students' working memory.
How can mnemonic devices aid in language learning?
Using acronyms or rhymes to remember vocabulary or grammar rules.
How do advertisers use iconic memory?
Creating visually striking ads that leave a lasting impression, even if only seen briefly.
How does iconic memory impact eyewitness testimony?
Brief glimpses of a scene may be inaccurately recalled due to the fleeting nature of iconic memory.
What is the effect of damage to the hippocampus on memory?
Can lead to anterograde amnesia, the inability to form new long-term memories.
How does aging affect memory?
Can lead to a decline in working memory and episodic memory.
What is the effect of sleep deprivation on memory?
Impairs memory consolidation and recall.
How does stress affect memory?
Can enhance memory for emotional events but impair memory for neutral information.
What is the effect of rehearsal on memory?
Increases the likelihood of transferring information from STM to LTM.
How does context affect memory retrieval?
Similar contexts during encoding and retrieval can improve recall.
What is the impact of traumatic events on memory?
Can lead to vivid and persistent memories, or, in some cases, repressed memories.
How does language development affect infantile amnesia?
The lack of language skills in early childhood contributes to the inability to recall early memories.
What is the effect of distractions on working memory?
Reduces the capacity and efficiency of working memory.
How does elaborative rehearsal affect long-term memory?
It significantly improves the encoding and retention of information in long-term memory.