All Flashcards
Give an example of episodic memory in everyday life.
Remembering details of your last vacation.
Give an example of semantic memory in everyday life.
Knowing the capital of your country.
Give an example of procedural memory in everyday life.
Riding a bike.
Give an example of prospective memory in everyday life.
Remembering to take medication.
How is the phonological loop used when learning a new language?
Repeating new words and phrases to memorize their sounds.
How is the visuospatial sketchpad used when giving directions?
Creating a mental map to guide someone.
How can elaborative rehearsal be used when studying for an exam?
Relating the material to your own life experiences or other concepts you already know.
How does long-term potentiation contribute to learning a new skill?
By strengthening the neural pathways associated with the skill through repeated practice.
How is working memory used when solving a math problem?
Holding the numbers and operations in mind while performing calculations.
How does semantic processing aid in remembering someone's name?
By associating the name with something meaningful or memorable.
What is the effect of frequent activation of neural pathways?
Strengthens synaptic connections through Long-Term Potentiation (LTP).
What is the effect of deeper processing on memory?
Leads to stronger and longer-lasting memories.
What is the effect of damage to the central executive?
Impaired control of attention and coordination of working memory components.
What is the effect of limited attention on encoding?
Results in shallow processing and weaker memory formation.
What is the effect of rehearsal on short-term memory?
Maintains information in short-term memory, but doesn't necessarily transfer it to long-term memory.
What is the effect of elaborative rehearsal on long-term memory?
Enhances long-term memory by creating meaningful connections and deeper processing.
What is the effect of distraction on working memory?
Reduces the capacity to hold and manipulate information, impairing cognitive performance.
What is the effect of sleep on memory consolidation?
Sleep facilitates the transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory, improving memory retention.
What is the effect of stress on memory retrieval?
High levels of stress can impair memory retrieval, making it difficult to access stored information.
What is the effect of aging on working memory?
Working memory capacity tends to decline with age, affecting cognitive abilities.
Compare episodic and semantic memory.
Episodic memory is for personal experiences, while semantic memory is for general knowledge.
Compare procedural and prospective memory.
Procedural memory is for skills, while prospective memory is for future actions.
Compare iconic and echoic memory.
Iconic memory is visual sensory memory, while echoic memory is auditory sensory memory.
Compare automatic and effortful processing.
Automatic processing occurs without conscious effort, while effortful processing requires attention.
Compare the multi-store model and the levels of processing model.
Multi-store model focuses on different memory stores, while levels of processing model focuses on depth of encoding.
Compare maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal.
Maintenance rehearsal involves repeating information to keep it in short-term memory, while elaborative rehearsal connects new information to existing knowledge for deeper processing.
Compare the roles of the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad in working memory.
The phonological loop processes and stores verbal and auditory information, while the visuospatial sketchpad processes and stores visual and spatial information.
Compare short-term memory and long-term memory in terms of capacity and duration.
Short-term memory has limited capacity and short duration, while long-term memory has vast capacity and long duration.
Compare structural, phonemic, and semantic levels of processing.
Structural is shallow (physical properties), phonemic is middle (sound properties), and semantic is deep (meaning and associations).
Compare explicit and implicit memory in terms of conscious awareness.
Explicit memory involves conscious recall, while implicit memory operates unconsciously.