All Flashcards
How is the concept of 'prototype' applied in everyday categorization?
When asked to think of a 'bird', most people will think of a robin or sparrow (prototypes) rather than a penguin.
How is the availability heuristic applied in risk assessment?
People often overestimate the risk of dying in a plane crash because these events are highly publicized and easily come to mind.
How is 'framing' used in marketing?
A product described as '90% fat-free' is more appealing than one described as '10% fat', even though they are the same.
How can understanding mental set help in problem-solving?
Recognizing that you're stuck in a mental set can prompt you to try new approaches, leading to more creative solutions.
How can divergent thinking be applied in brainstorming sessions?
Encouraging participants to generate as many ideas as possible, regardless of feasibility, fosters divergent thinking and leads to innovative solutions.
How does the sunk-cost fallacy affect investment decisions?
Investors may hold onto losing stocks longer than they should because they don't want to admit the initial investment was a mistake.
How are executive functions used in academic settings?
Students use executive functions to plan study schedules, manage time during exams, and regulate their attention in class.
How can priming be used in advertising?
Showing images of happy families in commercials can prime viewers to associate the product with positive emotions.
How does the representativeness heuristic affect hiring decisions?
A hiring manager might favor a candidate who fits the stereotype of a successful employee, even if other candidates are more qualified.
How does understanding cognitive biases help in financial planning?
Recognizing biases like the gambler's fallacy helps individuals make more rational investment decisions and avoid risky behaviors.
What is the effect of using algorithms in problem-solving?
Cause: Using algorithms. Effect: Guaranteed accurate solution, but can be slow and inefficient for complex problems.
What is the cause and effect of functional fixedness?
Cause: Fixation on the typical use of an object. Effect: Inability to see alternative uses and reduced creativity.
What is the cause and effect of strong executive functions?
Cause: Strong executive functions. Effect: Improved planning, organization, and regulation of thoughts and behaviors.
What is the effect of priming on behavior?
Cause: Exposure to a stimulus. Effect: Influenced response to a subsequent stimulus.
What is the effect of the availability heuristic on risk perception?
Cause: Easily recalled examples. Effect: Overestimation of the likelihood of events.
What is the effect of using mental sets in new situations?
Cause: Applying past successful strategies. Effect: Inefficient or ineffective problem-solving in novel contexts.
What is the effect of accommodation on schemas?
Cause: Encountering new, conflicting information. Effect: Adjustment of existing schemas to incorporate new knowledge.
What is the effect of the sunk-cost fallacy on decision-making?
Cause: Prior investment of resources. Effect: Continued commitment to a failing project or decision.
What is the effect of framing on consumer choices?
Cause: Presentation of information. Effect: Altered perception and choices.
What is the effect of divergent thinking on creative problem-solving?
Cause: Exploration of multiple solutions. Effect: Generation of novel and valuable ideas.
What is the definition of 'Thinking'?
The mental manipulation of information.
What is the definition of 'Problem-Solving'?
Finding solutions to challenges.
What is the definition of 'Judgments'?
Evaluating information to form opinions.
What is the definition of 'Decision-Making'?
Choosing between different options.
What is the definition of 'Concepts'?
Mental categories that group similar things together.
What is the definition of 'Prototypes'?
The best example of a concept.
What is the definition of 'Schemas'?
Mental frameworks that organize our knowledge and expectations about the world.
What is the definition of 'Algorithms'?
Step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution if followed correctly.
What is the definition of 'Heuristics'?
Mental shortcuts or 'rules of thumb' that help us make quick decisions.
What is the definition of 'Mental Set'?
The tendency to approach problems in a way that has worked in the past, even if it's not the best approach now.
What is the definition of 'Priming'?
Exposure to one stimulus influencing our response to a subsequent stimulus.
What is the definition of 'Framing'?
How information is presented can change our perception and choices.
What is the definition of 'Executive Functions'?
Higher-order cognitive processes that help us plan, organize, and regulate our thoughts and behaviors.
What is the definition of 'Creativity'?
The ability to generate novel and valuable ideas.
What is the definition of 'Divergent Thinking'?
Exploring multiple solutions or perspectives to a problem.
What is 'Functional Fixedness'?
The inability to see alternative uses for an object because we're fixated on its typical use.