All Flashcards
What is the effect of using algorithms in problem-solving?
Cause: Using algorithms. Effect: Guaranteed accurate solution, but can be slow and inefficient for complex problems.
What is the cause and effect of functional fixedness?
Cause: Fixation on the typical use of an object. Effect: Inability to see alternative uses and reduced creativity.
What is the cause and effect of strong executive functions?
Cause: Strong executive functions. Effect: Improved planning, organization, and regulation of thoughts and behaviors.
What is the effect of priming on behavior?
Cause: Exposure to a stimulus. Effect: Influenced response to a subsequent stimulus.
What is the effect of the availability heuristic on risk perception?
Cause: Easily recalled examples. Effect: Overestimation of the likelihood of events.
What is the effect of using mental sets in new situations?
Cause: Applying past successful strategies. Effect: Inefficient or ineffective problem-solving in novel contexts.
What is the effect of accommodation on schemas?
Cause: Encountering new, conflicting information. Effect: Adjustment of existing schemas to incorporate new knowledge.
What is the effect of the sunk-cost fallacy on decision-making?
Cause: Prior investment of resources. Effect: Continued commitment to a failing project or decision.
What is the effect of framing on consumer choices?
Cause: Presentation of information. Effect: Altered perception and choices.
What is the effect of divergent thinking on creative problem-solving?
Cause: Exploration of multiple solutions. Effect: Generation of novel and valuable ideas.
What is the definition of 'Thinking'?
The mental manipulation of information.
What is the definition of 'Problem-Solving'?
Finding solutions to challenges.
What is the definition of 'Judgments'?
Evaluating information to form opinions.
What is the definition of 'Decision-Making'?
Choosing between different options.
What is the definition of 'Concepts'?
Mental categories that group similar things together.
What is the definition of 'Prototypes'?
The best example of a concept.
What is the definition of 'Schemas'?
Mental frameworks that organize our knowledge and expectations about the world.
What is the definition of 'Algorithms'?
Step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution if followed correctly.
What is the definition of 'Heuristics'?
Mental shortcuts or 'rules of thumb' that help us make quick decisions.
What is the definition of 'Mental Set'?
The tendency to approach problems in a way that has worked in the past, even if it's not the best approach now.
What is the definition of 'Priming'?
Exposure to one stimulus influencing our response to a subsequent stimulus.
What is the definition of 'Framing'?
How information is presented can change our perception and choices.
What is the definition of 'Executive Functions'?
Higher-order cognitive processes that help us plan, organize, and regulate our thoughts and behaviors.
What is the definition of 'Creativity'?
The ability to generate novel and valuable ideas.
What is the definition of 'Divergent Thinking'?
Exploring multiple solutions or perspectives to a problem.
What is 'Functional Fixedness'?
The inability to see alternative uses for an object because we're fixated on its typical use.
Compare assimilation and accommodation.
Assimilation fits new information into existing schemas, while accommodation changes existing schemas to fit new information.
Compare algorithms and heuristics.
Algorithms are step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution, while heuristics are mental shortcuts that help us make quick decisions but don't guarantee accuracy.
Compare representativeness and availability heuristics.
Representativeness heuristic judges based on stereotypes, while availability heuristic judges based on how easily examples come to mind.
Compare divergent thinking and functional fixedness.
Divergent thinking explores multiple solutions, while functional fixedness limits thinking to the traditional use of an object.
Compare the gambler's fallacy and the sunk-cost fallacy.
Gambler's fallacy is the belief that past random events influence future ones, while the sunk-cost fallacy is continuing to invest in something due to prior investments.
Compare priming and framing.
Priming involves exposure to a stimulus influencing a subsequent response, while framing involves how information is presented affecting perception.
Compare concepts and schemas.
Concepts are mental categories grouping similar things, while schemas are mental frameworks organizing knowledge and expectations.
Compare creativity and executive functions.
Creativity is the ability to generate novel ideas, while executive functions are higher-order processes for planning and organization.