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  1. AP Pre Calculus
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How can you identify intervals where a function is increasing or decreasing from its graph?

If the graph goes up from left to right, the function is increasing. If it goes down, it's decreasing.

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How can you identify intervals where a function is increasing or decreasing from its graph?

If the graph goes up from left to right, the function is increasing. If it goes down, it's decreasing.

How can you identify concavity (up or down) from a graph?

Concave up looks like a smile, concave down looks like a frown.

What does a steeper slope on a graph indicate about the rate of change?

A steeper slope indicates a larger rate of change (either increasing or decreasing more rapidly).

How can you approximate the average rate of change from a graph?

Draw a secant line between the two points and find its slope.

What does a horizontal line segment on a graph indicate about the rate of change?

It indicates that the rate of change is zero.

How does the graph of a quadratic function relate to its average rate of change?

The steepness of the curve indicates the magnitude of the average rate of change; the direction indicates whether it's increasing or decreasing.

How does the graph of f(x)=x2f(x) = x^2f(x)=x2 relate to its rate of change?

The graph is a parabola opening upwards. The rate of change is negative for x<0x < 0x<0, zero at x=0x = 0x=0, and positive for x>0x > 0x>0.

How does the graph of f(x)=−x2f(x) = -x^2f(x)=−x2 relate to its rate of change?

The graph is a parabola opening downwards. The rate of change is positive for x<0x < 0x<0, zero at x=0x = 0x=0, and negative for x>0x > 0x>0.

How can you identify the vertex of a quadratic function from its graph?

The vertex is the point where the graph changes direction (minimum or maximum point).

How can you identify the concavity from a graph?

A graph that opens upwards is concave up, and a graph that opens downwards is concave down.

What is a linear function?

A function with a constant rate of change (slope), resulting in a straight line.

What is a quadratic function?

A function with a changing rate of change, creating a curved graph.

Define average rate of change.

The change in output divided by the change in input over a specific interval.

What is a secant line?

A line that connects two points on a curve.

Define concavity.

The direction of the curve of a function (either concave up or concave down).

What does 'concave up' mean?

The function is increasing at an increasing rate.

What does 'concave down' mean?

The function is increasing at a decreasing rate.

What is the average rate of change for a linear function?

It is constant and equal to the slope of the line.

What is the average rate of change for a quadratic function?

It changes as you move along the curve.

What is the relationship between the rate of change of a quadratic function and a linear function?

The rate of change of a quadratic function is linear.

What is the formula for average rate of change?

f(b)−f(a)b−a\frac{f(b) - f(a)}{b - a}b−af(b)−f(a)​

How do you calculate the slope of a secant line between points (a, f(a)) and (b, f(b))?

f(b)−f(a)b−a\frac{f(b) - f(a)}{b - a}b−af(b)−f(a)​

Given a quadratic function in the form f(x)=ax2+bx+cf(x) = ax^2 + bx + cf(x)=ax2+bx+c, how do you find the x-coordinate of the vertex?

x=−b2ax = \frac{-b}{2a}x=2a−b​

What is the formula for the average rate of change of f(x)f(x)f(x) over the interval [x1,x2][x_1, x_2][x1​,x2​]?

ΔyΔx=f(x2)−f(x1)x2−x1\frac{\Delta y}{\Delta x} = \frac{f(x_2) - f(x_1)}{x_2 - x_1}ΔxΔy​=x2​−x1​f(x2​)−f(x1​)​

If f(x)=ax+bf(x) = ax + bf(x)=ax+b, what is the average rate of change over any interval?

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If f(x)=ax2+bx+cf(x) = ax^2 + bx + cf(x)=ax2+bx+c, what is the average rate of change over the interval [x1,x2][x_1, x_2][x1​,x2​]?

a(x1+x2)+ba(x_1 + x_2) + ba(x1​+x2​)+b

What formula represents the slope of the secant line of a function f(x)f(x)f(x)?

msec=f(x+h)−f(x)hm_{sec} = \frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}msec​=hf(x+h)−f(x)​

How is the average rate of change related to the difference quotient?

Average rate of change is equivalent to the difference quotient: f(x2)−f(x1)x2−x1\frac{f(x_2)-f(x_1)}{x_2-x_1}x2​−x1​f(x2​)−f(x1​)​

How do you find the instantaneous rate of change?

lim⁡h→0f(x+h)−f(x)h\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}limh→0​hf(x+h)−f(x)​

What is the general form for a linear equation?

y=mx+by = mx + by=mx+b