The electrostatic force decreases (inversely proportional to the square of the distance).

The charge experiences a force in the direction of the electric field.

The electric flux through the surface increases (directly proportional to the enclosed charge).

The electric potential decreases.

A fundamental property of matter that can be positive or negative.

The law that quantifies the electrostatic force between two point charges: $$F = k frac{|q_1 q_2|}{r^2}$$

The work needed to move a charge between two points, measured in volts (V).

A region where a charge experiences a force; it's a vector field.

Electric potential is the potential energy per unit charge, a scalar quantity measured in volts (V).

A measure of the electric field passing through a given area: $$Phi_E = E cdot A = EA cos( heta)$$.

Relates the electric flux through a closed surface to the enclosed charge: $$oint E cdot dA = frac{Q_{enc}}{epsilon_0}$$.

Use the formula: $$E = k frac{|q|}{r^2}$$, where k is Coulomb's constant, q is the charge, and r is the distance.

Use the formula: $$Phi_E = E cdot A = EA cos( heta)$$, where E is the electric field, A is the area, and θ is the angle between the field and the area vector.

1. Choose a Gaussian surface. 2. Calculate the electric flux through the surface. 3. Relate the flux to the enclosed charge using $$oint E cdot dA = frac{Q_{enc}}{epsilon_0}$$. 4. Solve for the electric field E.

1. Determine the electric field E. 2. Integrate the electric field along a path: $$V = -int E cdot dl$$. 3. Evaluate the integral to find the potential difference.

1. Calculate the electric field due to each individual charge. 2. Add the electric field vectors, taking direction into account: $$E_{net} = E_1 + E_2 + ...$$