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What is the effect of an atom gaining electrons?
The atom becomes a negatively charged ion (anion).
What is the effect of an atom losing electrons?
The atom becomes a positively charged ion (cation).
What is the effect of an electron transitioning to a lower energy level in the Bohr model?
A photon is emitted with energy equal to the energy difference between the levels.
What is the effect of an electron absorbing a photon with the correct energy?
The electron transitions to a higher energy level.
Label the components of the Carbon-12 nucleus.
Protons: 6, Neutrons: 6
In a Bohr model diagram, what do the concentric circles represent?
Energy levels or electron shells.
Define 'atomic number'.
The unique number of protons in an element's nucleus, defining its identity.
What are valence electrons?
Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom that participate in chemical bonds.
Define 'isotope'.
Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
What is a cation?
A positive ion formed when an atom loses electrons.
What is an anion?
A negative ion formed when an atom gains electrons.
Define 'quantization' in the context of the Bohr model.
The restriction of electron orbits to specific, allowed energy states, leading to the emission/absorption of specific wavelengths of light.