The rotational equivalent of force; what causes an object to start rotating or change its rotation.

A measure of how much an object resists changes in its rotational motion.

The rate of change of angular velocity.

The net torque on an object is equal to the product of its rotational inertia and angular acceleration: $\sum \tau = I \alpha$.

The linear speed of a point on a rotating object, related to angular speed by $v = r\omega$.

The linear acceleration of a point on a rotating object, related to angular acceleration by $a = r\alpha$.

Torque ($au$) is a twisting force that causes rotation. It is the product of the force and the lever arm (the distance from the axis of rotation to the point where the force is applied).

Rotational inertia (I) is a measure of an object's resistance to changes in its rotational motion. It depends on the object's mass and how that mass is distributed relative to the axis of rotation.

Angular acceleration ($alpha$) is the rate of change of angular velocity with respect to time. It is measured in radians per second squared (rad/s²).

Net torque ($Sigma au$) is the sum of all torques acting on an object. It determines the angular acceleration of the object.

The lever arm is the perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation to the line of action of the force. It is a critical component in calculating torque.

Linear velocity: Describes the rate of change of an object's position in a straight line. Angular velocity: Describes the rate of change of an object's angular position during rotation.

Linear inertia (mass): Resistance to changes in linear motion, depends only on mass. Rotational inertia: Resistance to changes in rotational motion, depends on mass and its distribution relative to the axis of rotation.

Linear acceleration: The rate of change of linear velocity. Angular acceleration: The rate of change of angular velocity.

Force: A push or pull that causes linear acceleration. Torque: A twisting force that causes angular acceleration.

Linear momentum: Mass in motion in a straight line. Angular momentum: Rotational inertia in motion.