All Flashcards
What are the differences between market demand and aggregate demand?
Market demand is for a single good/service; aggregate demand is for all goods/services in an economy.
What is the difference between a movement along the AD curve and a shift of the AD curve?
A movement along the curve is caused by a change in the price level; a shift of the curve is caused by changes in C, I, G, or NX.
Differentiate between the Real Wealth Effect and the Interest Rate Effect.
The Real Wealth Effect relates price levels to purchasing power and spending. The Interest Rate Effect relates price levels to interest rates, borrowing, and investment.
Compare and contrast fiscal policy and monetary policy.
Fiscal policy involves government spending and taxation to influence AD. Monetary policy involves central bank actions to control the money supply and interest rates to influence AD.
What is the difference between nominal GDP and real GDP?
Nominal GDP is measured in current prices, while real GDP is adjusted for inflation.
Compare the effects of an increase in government spending and an increase in consumer confidence on the AD curve.
Both cause a rightward shift of the AD curve, but they originate from different components of GDP (G and C, respectively).
Differentiate between exports and net exports.
Exports are goods and services sold to other countries, while net exports are exports minus imports.
Compare and contrast the short-run and long-run effects of increased government spending on the economy.
In the short run, increased government spending shifts the AD curve to the right. In the long run, it may affect aggregate supply and potential output.
What is the difference between demand-pull inflation and cost-push inflation?
Demand-pull inflation is caused by increases in aggregate demand, while cost-push inflation is caused by decreases in aggregate supply.
Compare the effects of a tax cut targeted at low-income individuals versus a tax cut targeted at high-income individuals on AD.
A tax cut for low-income individuals is likely to have a larger impact on AD because they have a higher marginal propensity to consume.
What does a rightward shift of the AD curve indicate?
An increase in Aggregate Demand at every price level.
What does a leftward shift of the AD curve indicate?
A decrease in Aggregate Demand at every price level.
On an AD/AS graph, what do the axes represent?
Vertical axis: Price Level; Horizontal axis: Real GDP.
How is equilibrium determined on an AD/AS graph?
At the intersection of the Aggregate Demand (AD) and Aggregate Supply (AS) curves.
If government spending increases, show the effect on the AD curve.
The AD curve shifts to the right.
If consumer confidence decreases, show the effect on the AD curve.
The AD curve shifts to the left.
What does a movement along the AD curve represent?
A change in the quantity of Real GDP demanded due to a change in the price level.
How does an increase in net exports appear on an AD/AS graph?
The AD curve shifts to the right.
How does a decrease in investment spending appear on an AD/AS graph?
The AD curve shifts to the left.
How would you graphically represent the effect of increased consumer wealth on the AD curve?
Shift the AD curve to the right.
What is the impact of increased government spending on infrastructure on AD?
Increases Aggregate Demand, shifting the AD curve to the right.
What is the impact of tax cuts on AD?
Increases disposable income, leading to increased consumer spending and a rightward shift of the AD curve.
What is the impact of increased tariffs on imports on AD?
Initially increases net exports, leading to a rightward shift of the AD curve. However, retaliation from other countries could offset this.
What is the impact of decreased government regulation on businesses on AD?
May encourage investment spending, leading to a rightward shift of the AD curve.
What is the impact of increased government subsidies for education on AD?
Increases human capital, potentially leading to increased productivity and a rightward shift of the AD curve in the long run.
How does contractionary fiscal policy affect AD?
Decreases government spending or increases taxes, leading to a leftward shift of the AD curve.
How does expansionary fiscal policy affect AD?
Increases government spending or decreases taxes, leading to a rightward shift of the AD curve.
What impact does a decrease in income taxes have on AD?
Increases disposable income, leading to increased consumer spending and a rightward shift of the AD curve.
What is the effect of increased transfer payments (e.g., unemployment benefits) on AD?
Increases disposable income for recipients, leading to increased consumer spending and a rightward shift of the AD curve.
How does a policy that encourages increased savings affect AD?
May decrease consumer spending in the short run, leading to a leftward shift of the AD curve. However, increased savings could lead to increased investment in the long run.