All Flashcards
Define Second Agricultural Revolution.
Overhaul of farming in Britain (16th-19th centuries) boosting efficiency and output.
What is the Enclosure Movement?
Consolidating small farms into larger, more productive units.
Define Selective Breeding.
Choosing animals with best traits to breed for super-productive livestock.
What is Rural-Urban Migration?
Movement of people from farms to cities for work.
Define Mechanization.
The introduction of machines into agriculture.
What is meant by 'increased yields'?
Producing more crops per unit of land.
Define 'crop rotation'.
The practice of planting different crops sequentially to improve soil health.
What is 'intensive farming'?
Farming that uses high levels of inputs, such as fertilizer and pesticides.
Define 'agricultural policy'.
Government actions that affect the agricultural sector.
What are agricultural subsidies?
Government payments to farmers to support their income or production.
Compare the Second Agricultural Revolution to the Green Revolution.
Second Ag Rev: 16th-19th century Britain, focus on efficiency. Green Rev: 20th century global, focus on high-yield varieties.
Compare farming before and after the Second Agricultural Revolution.
Before: Small-scale, inefficient. After: Large-scale, efficient, commercial.
Compare the impacts of the Enclosure Movement on large landowners and small farmers.
Large landowners benefited from increased land and efficiency. Small farmers were often displaced.
Compare the positive and negative impacts of increased food production.
Positive: More food, economic growth. Negative: Environmental damage, displacement of farmers.
Compare the role of technology in the Second Agricultural Revolution and modern agriculture.
Second Ag Rev: Seed drill, threshing machine. Modern: GPS, drones, GMOs.
Compare the diets of people before and after the Second Agricultural Revolution.
Before: Limited variety, often lacking nutrients. After: More varied, nutritious diets leading to longer life expectancy.
Compare the labor conditions for farm workers before and after the Second Agricultural Revolution.
Before: Often family-based, subsistence farming. After: Wage labor, often poor working conditions.
Compare the environmental impacts of traditional farming practices with those introduced during the Second Agricultural Revolution.
Traditional: Less intensive, less environmental damage. Second Ag Rev: More intensive, potential for soil degradation and biodiversity loss.
Compare the goals of subsistence farming and commercial farming that emerged during the Second Agricultural Revolution.
Subsistence: Produce enough for family. Commercial: Produce for profit in the market.
Compare the level of government involvement in agriculture before and after the Second Agricultural Revolution.
Before: Minimal. After: Increased involvement through policies and subsidies.
What were the causes and effects of the Enclosure Movement?
Causes: Desire for increased efficiency. Effects: Consolidation of land, displacement of small farmers, increased yields.
What were the causes and effects of increased food production?
Causes: New technologies, crop rotation. Effects: Population boom, economic growth, urbanization.
What were the causes and effects of rural-urban migration?
Causes: Increased efficiency in farming, job opportunities in cities. Effects: Growth of urban centers, decline in rural populations.
What were the causes and effects of selective breeding?
Causes: Desire for more productive livestock. Effects: Improved livestock traits, increased meat and dairy production.
What were the causes and effects of using new crops like turnips and clover?
Causes: Need for crop rotation and soil fertility. Effects: Improved soil health, increased overall yields.
What are the causes and effects of increased agricultural specialization?
Causes: Desire for efficiency and profit. Effects: Higher yields of specific crops, dependence on market prices.
What are the causes and effects of agricultural policies and subsidies?
Causes: Government intervention to support farmers. Effects: Stabilized farm incomes, influenced crop production, affected global trade.
What are the causes and effects of environmental damage from new techniques?
Causes: Intensive farming, fertilizer use. Effects: Soil degradation, loss of biodiversity, pollution.
What are the causes and effects of improved tools such as the seed drill?
Causes: Technological innovation, desire for efficient planting. Effects: Faster planting, increased yields, reduced labor.
What are the causes and effects of global trade in agricultural products?
Causes: Surplus production, demand in other regions. Effects: Economic growth, increased food availability, altered farming practices.