A powerful force that can unite people but can also lead to conflict; fueled independence movements and ethnic tensions post-WWII.

Movements seeking greater autonomy or complete separation from an existing state.

Forced removal or killing of members of an ethnic or religious group to create a homogeneous population; a violation of international law.

Love for one's country.

The right of a people to choose their own government and political status.

Self-governance; the power or right of a group to govern itself.

Supreme power or authority; the authority of a state to govern itself.

The deliberate killing of a large number of people from a particular nation or ethnic group with the aim of destroying that nation or group.

The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.

A sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent.

Nationalism can be aggressive and exclusionary, while patriotism is generally a love for one's country.

Separatism seeks greater autonomy or complete separation, while independence movements aim to end colonial rule and establish a new sovereign state.

Both were acts of genocide based on ethnic or religious identity, but the Holocaust was systematic and state-sponsored, while the Bosnian Genocide involved more localized violence.

Both involved forced displacement and mass killings, but the Armenian Genocide was largely driven by ethnic and religious persecution, while the expulsion of Ethnic Germans was a consequence of post-war territorial adjustments and retribution.

The Flemish Movement sought greater autonomy within Belgium through political means, while the Chechen Independence Movement involved armed conflict and a struggle for complete separation from Russia.

Colonialism is the subjugation of one people by another, while nationalism is a movement seeking self-determination and independence from colonial rule.

Both were post-war settlements, but the Congress of Vienna aimed to restore stability and balance of power, while the Treaty of Versailles sought to punish Germany and prevent future aggression.

Both were revolutionary movements that overthrew existing regimes, but the French Revolution was driven by Enlightenment ideals and aimed to establish a republic, while the Russian Revolution was driven by Marxist ideology and aimed to establish a communist state.

The American Civil War was fought over slavery and states' rights, while the Separatist movement in Catalonia is driven by cultural and economic factors.

India's decolonization was relatively peaceful, while Algeria's involved a violent war of independence against France.

Cause: WWII weakened European powers. Effect: Rise of nationalism and independence movements in colonies.

Cause: Cultural and linguistic differences between Flanders and Wallonia. Effect: Seeking greater autonomy for Flanders.

Cause: Rise of strong national identities and prejudice. Effect: Forced removal or killing of ethnic or religious groups.

Cause: Desire for self-determination and independence. Effect: Fueled conflicts, such as in Northern Ireland and Chechnya.

Cause: European powers seeking resources and control. Effect: Nationalist movements in colonized regions.

Cause: Nazi ideology of racial superiority and antisemitism. Effect: Systematic genocide of approximately six million Jews.

Cause: Ottoman Empire's policies of Turkification and suspicion of Armenian loyalty. Effect: Mass killings and forced deportations of Armenians.

Cause: Serbian nationalist aims to create a 'Greater Serbia' and ethnic cleansing of non-Serbs. Effect: Mass killings, rapes, and forced displacement of Bosnian Muslims and other non-Serbs.

Cause: Widespread social inequality, economic hardship, and political repression under the Tsarist regime. Effect: Overthrow of the Tsarist regime, establishment of the Soviet Union, and the spread of communist ideology.

Cause: The defeat of Napoleon and the desire to restore stability and order in Europe. Effect: Redrawing of European borders, restoration of monarchies, and the establishment of a balance of power.