All Flashcards
What is Realism?
A reaction against Romanticism, focusing on the unidealized aspects of life.
What is Naturalism?
An extension of Realism, emphasizing scientific observation and the impact of environment and heredity.
What is Modernism?
A rejection of traditional norms and a focus on innovation and experimentation, reflecting a loss of confidence in objective knowledge.
Define 'subconscious'.
The part of the mind containing feelings and thoughts we are not fully aware of, influencing behavior.
What is Quantum Mechanics?
A theory in physics that challenges the idea of science providing an objective description of reality.
What is the Theory of Relativity?
Einstein's theory that challenged Newtonian physics, introducing new concepts of space, time, and gravity.
Define rationality.
The quality of being based on or in accordance with reason or logic.
Define objectivity.
The quality of being objective; not influenced by personal feelings or opinions in considering and representing facts.
What is meant by 'breaking with tradition'?
Rejecting established norms, customs, and practices in favor of innovation and change.
What is meant by 'scientific observation'?
The careful and systematic observation of phenomena using scientific methods to gather data and draw conclusions.
Who was Emile Zola?
A Realist writer known for depicting the harsh realities of alcoholism, prostitution, and labor issues.
Who was Friedrich Nietzsche?
A philosopher who argued that humans need more than just rationality, including heroism, emotion, and artistic expression.
Who was Sigmund Freud?
The founder of psychoanalysis, known for his theories on the subconscious and its influence on behavior.
What is Nietzsche known for?
Challenging the Enlightenment's emphasis on reason and advocating for embracing emotion and heroism.
What is Freud known for?
Revolutionizing psychology by introducing the concept of the subconscious and its influence on behavior.
What was Emile Zola known for?
Writing about the harsh realities of alcoholism, prostitution, and labor issues.
What did Realist artists focus on?
Depicting everyday scenes with accuracy and detail, even if unpleasant.
What did Naturalist thinkers emphasize?
The role of environment and heredity in determining human behavior.
What was a key focus of Modernist artists?
Inner experiences, war, loneliness, and economic hardship.
What did Nietzsche believe about rationality?
That focusing solely on rationality robs humans of their full potential.
Compare Realism and Naturalism.
Both focus on depicting the world as it is, but Naturalism extends Realism by emphasizing scientific observation and the impact of environment and heredity.
Compare Realism and Romanticism.
Realism is a reaction against Romanticism; Realism focuses on the unidealized, while Romanticism focuses on idealized and emotional portrayals.
Compare Nietzsche's and Freud's impact.
Nietzsche challenged rationality, emphasizing emotion. Freud explored the irrational subconscious. Both undermined Enlightenment ideals.
Compare Newtonian physics and Quantum Mechanics.
Newtonian physics presented an objective view of nature, while Quantum Mechanics introduced uncertainty and the observer's role.
Compare Realism and Modernism.
Realism aimed to show the world as it is, while Modernism broke with tradition and explored inner experiences.
Compare the focus of Realist and Modernist art.
Realist art focused on everyday scenes, while Modernist art focused on inner experiences and societal problems.
Compare the views of Nietzsche and Freud on rationality.
Nietzsche criticized the overemphasis on rationality, while Freud explored the irrational forces of the subconscious.
Compare the impact of Realism and Naturalism on literature.
Realism led to depictions of harsh realities, while Naturalism explored the impact of environment and heredity on characters.
Compare the goals of Realism and Naturalism.
Realism aimed to show the world as it actually is, while Naturalism aimed to use scientific methods to understand human behavior.
Compare the traditional views of rationality and the views of Nietzsche and Freud.
Traditional views emphasized reason and logic, while Nietzsche and Freud challenged this by highlighting emotion and the subconscious.