All Flashcards
Define Industrial Revolution.
A period of major industrialization that took place during the late 1700s and early 1800s.
What is the working class?
The social class consisting of people who are employed for wages, especially in manual or industrial work.
Define Middle Class.
The social class between the upper and working classes, including professional and business workers.
What is urbanization?
The process of increasing the population of people living in towns and cities.
Define Proletariat.
The working class, central to Marxist theory; those who sell their labor for wages.
What is Liberalism?
A political ideology advocating for individual rights and freedoms.
Define Marxism.
A political and economic theory where a classless society is structured upon communal ownership of the means of production.
What is Conservatism?
A political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion.
Define Reform Movements.
Government-supported initiatives to solve social issues arising from industrialization.
What is a spinning jenny?
An early multiple-spindle machine for spinning wool or cotton.
Compare Liberalism and Marxism.
Liberalism advocates for individual rights and freedoms, while Marxism calls for radical social change and worker empowerment.
Compare the British Industrial Revolution and later industrialization in other European nations.
Britain had early advantages like resources and stability, while other nations often required state support to catch up.
Compare the perspectives of the working class and the middle class during industrialization.
The working class faced poverty and poor conditions, while the middle class benefited as factory owners and entrepreneurs.
What was the British Industrial Revolution?
A period of significant technological and economic advancement in Britain, driven by factors like natural resources, political stability, and colonial resources.
What was the impact of railroads?
Railroads provided efficient transportation of goods and resources, crucial for industrial growth.
What was the end of the Napoleonic Era?
The end of the Napoleonic Era marked a return to traditional, conservative governments in Europe.
What was the impact of urbanization?
Rapid growth of cities, leading to overcrowding, increased poverty, and spread of disease.
What was the impact of increased poverty?
Urban poverty and poor living conditions were widespread, leading to social unrest and demand for reform.
What was the impact of the rise of new ideologies?
Liberalism and Marxism emerged, challenging conservative norms and advocating for individual rights or radical social change.
What was the impact of reform movements?
Governments responded to social issues with initiatives aimed at solving problems caused by industrialization.
What was the impact of World War I?
The reform era ended with the start of World War I, shifting focus from social reform to war efforts.
What was the impact of textile industry innovations?
Innovations like the spinning jenny and power loom revolutionized textile production.
What was the impact of early investments in domestic industry?
Early investments focused on domestic industry for self-sufficiency, fostering economic growth.