Absolutism is a political system in which a ruler holds total power, while limited government advocates for individual liberty, democracy, and the separation of powers.

Mercantilism promotes government regulation of the economy, while free markets argue that the economy should regulate itself without government intervention.

The geocentric model places Earth at the center of the universe, while the heliocentric model places the Sun at the center.

The Scientific Revolution focused on understanding the natural world through observation and experimentation, while the Enlightenment applied reason to society, politics, and religion.

Locke emphasized natural rights and limited government, while Rousseau focused on the social contract and the general will.

Voltaire advocated for freedom of speech and religion, while Montesquieu advocated for the separation of powers.

Enlightenment thinkers emphasized reason over faith, believing that religious beliefs should be subject to rational scrutiny.

The printing press allowed for the rapid dissemination of ideas, while salons provided a space for intellectual discussion and exchange.

Demographic shifts led to population growth and urbanization, while environmental changes included the draining of wetlands and clearing of forests.

The Scientific Revolution indirectly challenged religious authority by promoting scientific inquiry, while the Enlightenment directly challenged traditional religious views with reason and skepticism.

The theory that knowledge is primarily derived from sensory experience.

A belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response.

The idea that government should protect individual rights, not just rule.

The division of government powers among different branches to prevent tyranny.

An economic system where prices are determined by supply and demand, with minimal government intervention.

Acceptance of different religious beliefs and practices.

The astronomical model in which the Sun is assumed to lie at or near a central point (e.g., of the solar system or of the universe) while the Earth and other planets revolve around it.

The superseded astronomical theory that the Earth is the center of the universe, with the sun, moon, and planets revolving around it.

A political system in which a ruler holds total power, unrestrained by law.

An economic theory promoting government regulation of a nation's economy to increase state power at the expense of rival national powers.

Causes: Rediscovery of classical works, emphasis on observation. Effects: New understanding of the universe, challenges to traditional authority.

Causes: Scientific Revolution, emphasis on reason. Effects: New political and economic theories, challenges to absolutism and mercantilism.

Causes: Technological innovation. Effects: Rapid dissemination of new ideas, increased literacy, spread of Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment ideas.

Causes: Renewed interest in ancient knowledge. Effects: Sparked new ways of thinking, challenged religious explanations, set the stage for the Scientific Revolution.

Causes: Renaissance, questioning traditional views. Effects: Scientific discoveries, challenges to Aristotle, development of the scientific method.

Causes: Observations by Galileo, Kepler, and others. Effects: Challenged geocentric view, undermined authority of the Church, advanced scientific understanding.

Causes: Scientific Revolution, skepticism. Effects: New political and economic theories, challenges to traditional authority, advocacy for individual rights.

Causes: Enlightenment emphasis on individual rights. Effects: Challenges to absolutism, advocacy for limited government, revolutions.

Causes: Industrialization, advertising, marketing. Effects: New forms of consumerism, changes in family life, shift towards smaller families.

Causes: Enlightenment ideas, increased literacy. Effects: Intellectual discussion, spread of Enlightenment ideas, public engagement in politics and society.