All Flashcards
What were the causes and effects of the Scientific Revolution?
Causes: Rediscovery of classical works, emphasis on observation. Effects: New understanding of the universe, challenges to traditional authority.
What were the causes and effects of the Enlightenment?
Causes: Scientific Revolution, emphasis on reason. Effects: New political and economic theories, challenges to absolutism and mercantilism.
What were the causes and effects of the printing press?
Causes: Technological innovation. Effects: Rapid dissemination of new ideas, increased literacy, spread of Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment ideas.
What were the causes and effects of the rediscovery of classical works?
Causes: Renewed interest in ancient knowledge. Effects: Sparked new ways of thinking, challenged religious explanations, set the stage for the Scientific Revolution.
What were the causes and effects of the emphasis on observation and experimentation?
Causes: Renaissance, questioning traditional views. Effects: Scientific discoveries, challenges to Aristotle, development of the scientific method.
What were the causes and effects of the development of the heliocentric model?
Causes: Observations by Galileo, Kepler, and others. Effects: Challenged geocentric view, undermined authority of the Church, advanced scientific understanding.
What were the causes and effects of the Enlightenment emphasis on reason?
Causes: Scientific Revolution, skepticism. Effects: New political and economic theories, challenges to traditional authority, advocacy for individual rights.
What were the causes and effects of the social contract theory?
Causes: Enlightenment emphasis on individual rights. Effects: Challenges to absolutism, advocacy for limited government, revolutions.
What were the causes and effects of the rise of consumer culture?
Causes: Industrialization, advertising, marketing. Effects: New forms of consumerism, changes in family life, shift towards smaller families.
What were the causes and effects of new public spaces?
Causes: Enlightenment ideas, increased literacy. Effects: Intellectual discussion, spread of Enlightenment ideas, public engagement in politics and society.
Who was Galileo Galilei?
An Italian astronomer, physicist, and engineer whose observations supported the heliocentric model.
Who was Johannes Kepler?
A German astronomer who discovered the laws of planetary motion.
Who was Isaac Newton?
An English physicist and mathematician who developed the laws of motion and universal gravitation.
Who was John Locke?
An English philosopher who advocated for natural rights and limited government.
Who was Jean-Jacques Rousseau?
A Genevan philosopher who developed the concept of the social contract and the general will.
Who was Baron de Montesquieu?
A French political philosopher who advocated for the separation of powers.
Who was Voltaire?
A French Enlightenment writer who advocated for freedom of speech and religion.
Who was Adam Smith?
A Scottish economist who promoted free market principles.
What was Aristotle's contribution?
Aristotle's ideas about the cosmos and the human body were the traditional views challenged during the Scientific Revolution.
What was the impact of rediscovering classical works?
The rediscovery of classical works from Greece and Rome sparked new ways of thinking about the world and set the stage for the Scientific Revolution.
What is Empiricism?
The theory that knowledge is primarily derived from sensory experience.
What is Rationalism?
A belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response.
What is the Social Contract?
The idea that government should protect individual rights, not just rule.
What is Separation of Powers?
The division of government powers among different branches to prevent tyranny.
What is Free Market Economics?
An economic system where prices are determined by supply and demand, with minimal government intervention.
What is Religious Toleration?
Acceptance of different religious beliefs and practices.
What is Heliocentric Theory?
The astronomical model in which the Sun is assumed to lie at or near a central point (e.g., of the solar system or of the universe) while the Earth and other planets revolve around it.
What is Geocentric Theory?
The superseded astronomical theory that the Earth is the center of the universe, with the sun, moon, and planets revolving around it.
What is Absolutism?
A political system in which a ruler holds total power, unrestrained by law.
What is Mercantilism?
An economic theory promoting government regulation of a nation's economy to increase state power at the expense of rival national powers.