All Flashcards
Who was Martin Luther?
A German monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation in 1517 with his 95 Theses.
Who was John Calvin?
An organized Protestant theologian who emphasized predestination.
Who was Henry VIII?
The King of England who created the Church of England for personal and political reasons.
Who was Charles V?
The Holy Roman Emperor during the time of Martin Luther and the Schmalkaldic Wars.
Who were the Jesuits?
A new religious order that worked to spread Catholicism and reform the church during the Catholic Reformation.
Who was Henry IV (of Navarre)?
King of France who issued the Edict of Nantes, granting religious toleration to Huguenots.
Who was Ulrich Zwingli?
A leader in the Swiss Reformation, advocating for reforms similar to Luther's.
Who was Ignatius of Loyola?
The founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), a key figure in the Catholic Reformation.
Who was John Knox?
A Scottish reformer who established Presbyterianism in Scotland.
Who was Philip II of Spain?
The King of Spain who opposed the Dutch Revolt and sought to maintain Catholic control over the Netherlands.
What is the definition of Protestant Reformation?
A 16th-century movement protesting the Roman Catholic Church, aiming for reform.
What is the definition of the 95 Theses?
Martin Luther's list of grievances against the Catholic Church, posted in 1517.
What is the definition of predestination?
The belief, emphasized by John Calvin, that God has predetermined who will be saved.
What is the definition of the Council of Trent?
The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation, addressing corruption and reaffirming Catholic theology.
What is the definition of the Edict of Nantes?
Granted religious toleration to Huguenots (French Protestants) in France.
What is the definition of the Peace of Westphalia?
Ended the Thirty Years' War and allowed princes in the Holy Roman Empire to choose Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism.
What is the definition of Huguenots?
French Protestants during the 16th and 17th centuries.
What is the definition of Schmalkaldic League?
An alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire formed to defend their religious and political interests.
What is the definition of Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation)?
The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation, aimed at reforming the Church and combating Protestantism.
What is the definition of Baroque Art?
A flamboyant style of art used by powerful monarchs and the Catholic Church to impress their people.
What were the causes and effects of the Protestant Reformation?
Causes: Corruption in the Catholic Church, theological disagreements. Effects: Religious wars, new Protestant denominations, the Catholic Reformation.
What were the causes and effects of the Council of Trent?
Causes: The Protestant Reformation. Effects: Reaffirmation of Catholic doctrine, reforms within the Church, renewed efforts to spread Catholicism.
What were the causes and effects of the Schmalkaldic Wars?
Causes: Religious divisions within the Holy Roman Empire. Effects: The Peace of Augsburg, which allowed princes to choose the religion of their territory.
What were the causes and effects of the French Wars of Religion?
Causes: Religious tensions between Catholics and Huguenots. Effects: The Edict of Nantes, granting religious toleration to Huguenots.
What were the causes and effects of the Dutch Revolt?
Causes: Religious persecution of Calvinists by Spain. Effects: The split between the independent Protestant Netherlands and Spanish-controlled territories.
What were the causes and effects of the Thirty Years' War?
Causes: Religious and political tensions within the Holy Roman Empire. Effects: The Peace of Westphalia, further religious divisions, and the decline of the Holy Roman Empire.
What were the causes and effects of the invention of the printing press?
Causes: Desire for faster and more efficient book production. Effects: Rapid spread of Protestant ideas, increased literacy, and challenges to traditional authority.
What were the causes and effects of Henry VIII's creation of the Church of England?
Causes: Henry VIII's desire for a divorce and greater political control. Effects: Establishment of the Church of England, further weakening of papal authority, and religious changes in England.
What were the causes and effects of the rise of witchcraft persecutions?
Causes: Religious and social anxieties, belief in the power of the devil. Effects: Persecution and execution of accused witches, particularly women.
What were the causes and effects of the Catholic Reformation?
Causes: The Protestant Reformation and the need to address corruption within the Catholic Church. Effects: Reaffirmation of Catholic doctrine, reforms within the Church, and renewed efforts to spread Catholicism through the Jesuits.