All Flashcards
What are the consequences of plague?
Swollen lymph nodes, fever, chills, bloodstream infection, organ failure, lung infection, and airborne transmission.
What are the consequences of malaria?
Fever, chills, headache, muscle pain, fatigue, anemia, and organ failure.
What are the consequences of tuberculosis?
Persistent cough, chest pain, weakness, fatigue, weight loss, and fever.
What are the consequences of West Nile Virus?
Fever, headache, nausea, muscle weakness, meningitis/encephalitis (rare).
What are the consequences of Zika Virus?
Mild fever, rash, joint pain, conjunctivitis, and microcephaly in newborns.
What are the consequences of water-borne diseases?
Diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid fever, dehydration, and vomiting.
What are the consequences of antibiotic resistance?
Harder-to-treat infections, increased illness/death.
What is the effect of poor sanitation on waterborne diseases?
Poor sanitation leads to contamination of water sources, increasing the risk of waterborne disease outbreaks.
How does deforestation impact the spread of vector-borne diseases?
Deforestation can alter habitats, bringing humans into closer contact with disease vectors and increasing the risk of vector-borne diseases.
What is the impact of climate change on mosquito populations?
Climate change can expand the geographic range and breeding season of mosquitoes, potentially increasing the spread of diseases like malaria and Zika virus.
What are pathogens?
Disease-causing microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi).
What are infectious diseases?
Illnesses caused by pathogens.
What is antibiotic resistance?
Bacteria evolve resistance to antibiotics due to overuse/misuse, making infections harder to treat.
Define 'pandemic'.
An epidemic that has spread worldwide.
Define 'epidemic'.
A widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.
What is latent TB?
TB infection where the bacteria is present but not causing symptoms and is not infectious.
What is active TB?
TB infection that causes symptoms and is infectious.
What is microcephaly?
A birth defect where a baby's head is smaller than expected, often linked to Zika virus.
What is MRSA?
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; a type of bacteria resistant to many antibiotics.
Define 'vector-borne disease'.
A disease transmitted by an arthropod vector, such as a mosquito or tick.
Why is prevention key in managing infectious diseases?
Good hygiene, vaccines, clean water, and sanitation can significantly reduce the spread of pathogens.
What are the challenges in controlling malaria?
Drug resistance is increasing, and vaccine development is ongoing.
What is the difference between latent and active TB?
Latent TB is not infectious; active TB causes symptoms and is infectious.
Why are waterborne diseases a significant global issue?
Poor sanitation and lack of clean water access in developing countries lead to widespread illness.
Why is antibiotic resistance a major environmental and health concern?
It leads to harder-to-treat infections, increased illness/death, and spreads easily across borders.
Explain the global impact of Tuberculosis.
TB is a leading cause of death, especially in developing countries, posing significant public health challenges.
What makes coronaviruses a critical topic in environmental science?
Their transmission dynamics and the impacts of recent outbreaks (SARS, MERS, COVID-19) highlight the importance of understanding viral spread and control.
Describe the significance of mosquito-borne diseases in environmental health.
Mosquito-borne diseases like Malaria, West Nile Virus, and Zika Virus pose significant threats to human health and require comprehensive vector control strategies.
What role does sanitation play in preventing the spread of infectious diseases?
Proper sanitation systems reduce the risk of water contamination and the spread of waterborne pathogens, improving public health outcomes.
How does climate change affect the spread of infectious diseases?
Climate change can alter the geographic range and transmission patterns of vectors like mosquitoes, potentially increasing the incidence of diseases like malaria and Zika virus.