Accepting all or part of a competing claim as valid.

Offering a contrasting perspective on an argument or its evidence.

Demonstrating, with evidence, that a competing claim is factually incorrect.

A genre of writing that presents arguments about a topic based on evidence.

An argument or set of reasons put forward to oppose an idea or theory developed in another argument.

An appeal to ethics, convincing someone of the character or credibility of the persuader.

An appeal to logic, persuading an audience by reason.

An appeal to emotion, convincing an audience by creating an emotional response.

The art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques.

The strategic decisions a writer or speaker makes to achieve a particular effect or purpose in their communication.

Attacking the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself.

Misrepresenting an opponent's argument to make it easier to attack.

Presenting only two options as the only possibilities when more exist.

Arguing that something is true because it is popular.

Drawing a conclusion based on insufficient evidence.

Claiming something is true simply because an authority figure said it, without providing further evidence.

Asserting that one event will inevitably lead to a series of negative consequences without sufficient evidence.

Assuming that because one event followed another, the first event caused the second.

Assuming the conclusion in the premise of the argument.

Introducing an irrelevant topic to divert attention from the main issue.

Acknowledging the validity of an opposing point to build credibility and show open-mindedness. Used to weaken the opposition's argument.

Offering a different interpretation of evidence or presenting a new perspective to challenge the opposing argument. Used to weaken the opponent's claim.

Providing evidence to directly disprove the opposing argument. Used to invalidate the opponent's claim.

Used to establish the speaker's credibility and trustworthiness, making the audience more receptive to their argument.

Used to appeal to the audience's reason and logic, often through the use of facts, statistics, and logical reasoning.

Used to evoke emotions in the audience, such as empathy, anger, or fear, to make the argument more persuasive.

Engages the audience and prompts them to think critically about the topic, often leading them to agree with the speaker's perspective.

Emphasizes key points and reinforces the speaker's message, making it more memorable and persuasive.

Explains complex ideas by comparing them to simpler, more familiar concepts, making the argument easier to understand and accept.

Adds a personal or relatable element to the argument, making it more engaging and emotionally resonant for the audience.