Attacking the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself.

Misrepresenting an opponent's argument to make it easier to attack.

Presenting only two options when more exist.

Arguing that something is true because it is popular.

Drawing a conclusion based on insufficient evidence.

Assuming that because one event followed another, the first event caused the second.

Arguing that something is true because it has not been proven false, or vice versa.

Arguing that one event will inevitably lead to a series of negative consequences.

Introducing an irrelevant topic to distract from the main argument.

Assuming the conclusion in the premise.

The art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing.

An appeal to ethics, credibility, and character.

An appeal to emotion.

An appeal to logic and reason.

A technique used by an author to convey meaning or persuade an audience.

A statement of opinion that the author is trying to prove.

Factual information used to support a claim.

An argument that opposes the author's claim.

Acknowledging the validity of an opposing viewpoint.

Disproving the opposing argument.

A sentence in which the main clause is withheld until the end.

The repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses.

The omission or absence of a conjunction between parts of a sentence.

The use of several conjunctions in close succession.

A rhetorical or literary device in which words, grammatical constructions, or concepts are repeated in reverse order.

A figure of speech in which a word applies to two others in different senses.

A sentence that begins with the main clause and is followed by phrases and clauses that modify the main clause.

A sentence containing an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.

A sentence containing two or more independent clauses.

A sentence containing one independent clause.