Political Institutions

Executive and judicial branches

Legislative branch only

Executive and legislative branches

Executive branch only

It generally leads to a multi-party system.

It reduces the legislature to two major parties.

It has no significant effect on the number of political parties.

It encourages the formation of one dominant party.

Respecting public property rules like park regulations.

Drafting new regulations for public property use.

Adjudicating disputes regarding public spaces.

Creating budgets for maintenance costs.

Enhanced efficiency and public compliance due to perceived legitimacy of both president-elected and parliament-appointed executives.

Increased judicial intervention as societies rely more on legal mechanisms over executive-led initiatives.

Decreased focus on long-term planning since governments tend toward populism for maintaining trust.

More frequent use of referenda as governments seek direct public mandates for controversial policies.

Implementation of stringent environmental regulations on industrial activity.

Deregulation of natural resource extraction industries to boost economic growth.

Privatization initiatives aimed at increasing efficiency within utility sectors.

Decreased funding for public transportation systems to reduce governmental expenditure.

The checks and balances designed to prevent tyranny could erode, leading to the executive overpowering the legislative and judicial branches.

Emergence of a hybrid regime with characteristics that blur the lines of distinction from the traditional separation of powers model.

Weakening of the rule of law resultant in clash among competing factions vying for supremacy in the government apparatus.

Reduced effectiveness in policymaking and gridlock as different agenda priorities emerge and separate branches compete for attention and resources.

Granting more autonomy universities cultural institutions foster environments open exchange ideas without challenging core tenets

Introducing term limits positions within Guardian Council encourage generational turnover among its members promoting fresh perspectives

Establishing legally recognized forums dialogue between elected representatives clerical leaders facilitate collective discussions societal needs

Initiating local councils composed lay citizens alongside clergy decentralize decision-making better reflect regional preferences

Parliamentary system

Semi-presidential system

Presidential system

Federal system

Declaring executive orders.

Serving on juries when called upon.

Issuing legal statutes.

Creating public policy.

Declaring war.

Changing national languages.

Organized protests.

Forming new countries.