Collective action of citizens based on shared interests, values, and goals, separate from government and for-profit businesses.

Civil society; the space where citizens organize to make their voices heard and their needs met, separate from government and business.

Non-Governmental Organization: National and international groups pursuing policy goals.

Citizen involvement in the political system, including voting, protesting, and civil society engagement.

The transition of a regime from authoritarian to democratic, often influenced by civil society.

A political system where power is concentrated in a single leader or small group, with limited political freedoms.

A regime with some democratic characteristics but also significant limitations on political freedoms and fairness.

The form of government and political system in a country (e.g., democracy, authoritarianism).

The ability of citizens to express their views, organize, and participate in the political process without fear of reprisal.

The intentional killing of women because they are women.

UK: Well-established, influential, government supported. Russia: Limited participation, heavily restricted by government.

Mexico: Lively, focused on human rights. China: Emerging, tightly controlled by the government.

Nigeria: Underdeveloped, limited by authoritarian history. Iran: Extremely limited, suppressed by the government.

Democracy: Strong, protected, influential. Authoritarian: Suppressed, limited, restricted.

Formal: Registered organizations with defined structures. Informal: Movements, protests, less structured.

Before: Limited by PRI control. After: Lively, focused on human rights.

Nigeria: Emerging post-colonial, limited by corruption. Russia: Emerging post-Soviet, limited by government.

China: Tightly controls media, internet, religious groups. Iran: Restricts gatherings, free speech, targets activists.

UK: Active and influential in policy making. Nigeria: Limited influence due to authoritarian history and corruption.

Mexico: Historically limited by PRI, now focused on human rights. Russia: Heavily limited by government restrictions and harassment.

Requires registration, restricts foreign funding, and subjects them to harassment.

Tightly controls media outlets and internet access, censoring dissenting voices.

Suppresses protests with force, arresting and prosecuting participants.

Generally supports and protects civil society organizations, recognizing their role in a democratic society.

Increasingly supportive, but faces challenges in addressing violence and impunity.

Attempts to regulate NGOs, but faces resistance from civil society groups.

Requires registration and adherence to government guidelines, suppressing independent religious activity.

Restricts freedom of speech and assembly, targeting activists and journalists.

Imposes strict regulations and limitations on foreign funding, hindering the work of independent organizations.

Encourages civil society participation in policy making through consultations and advisory bodies.