All Flashcards
Define kinetic equilibrium.
Forward and reverse reaction rates are equal, resulting in constant reactant and product concentrations.
Define thermodynamic equilibrium.
The point of minimum free energy (G) in a reaction.
Define ΔG° (standard free energy change).
The change in free energy for a reaction under standard conditions.
Define ΔG (Gibbs Free Energy).
The free energy change under nonstandard conditions.
Define the reaction quotient, Q.
A measure of the relative amount of products and reactants present in a reaction at any given time. Used to determine if a reaction is at equilibrium.
Define the equilibrium constant, K.
The ratio of products to reactants at equilibrium. Indicates the extent to which a reaction proceeds to completion.
What is the effect of a large positive ΔG° on K?
Results in a small K (K < 1), indicating a reactant-favored, nonspontaneous reaction.
What is the effect of a large negative ΔG° on K?
Results in a large K (K > 1), indicating a product-favored, spontaneous reaction.
What happens when ΔG = 0?
The reaction is at equilibrium.
What happens to the rate of forward and reverse reactions at equilibrium?
The rates become equal.
What happens to the spontaneity of a reaction if Q < K?
The reaction will proceed spontaneously in the forward direction to reach equilibrium.
What happens to the spontaneity of a reaction if Q > K?
The reaction will proceed spontaneously in the reverse direction to reach equilibrium.
Differentiate between ΔG° and ΔG.
ΔG°: Free energy change under standard conditions. | ΔG: Free energy change under nonstandard conditions.
Compare kinetic and thermodynamic definitions of equilibrium.
Kinetic: Forward and reverse rates are equal. | Thermodynamic: Minimum free energy (G).
Compare spontaneous and nonspontaneous reactions in terms of ΔG°.
Spontaneous: ΔG° < 0 | Nonspontaneous: ΔG° > 0
Compare the values of K for spontaneous and nonspontaneous reactions.
Spontaneous: K > 1 | Nonspontaneous: K < 1
Compare Q and K.
Q: Reaction quotient at any given time. | K: Equilibrium constant at equilibrium.