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Formula for $\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}$ in parametric form?

$\frac{d^2y}{dx^2} = \frac{\frac{d}{dt}(\frac{dy}{dx})}{\frac{dx}{dt}}$

How to find $\frac{dy}{dx}$ given x(t) and y(t)?

$\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{dy/dt}{dx/dt}$

What is the trigonometric identity for $sin^2(t) + cos^2(t)$ ?

$sin^2(t) + cos^2(t) = 1$

Formula for the derivative of a quotient $\frac{u}{v}$ ?

$\frac{d}{dx}(\frac{u}{v}) = \frac{v(\frac{du}{dx}) - u(\frac{dv}{dx})}{v^2}$

Given $x(t)$ and $y(t)$ , how to find the slope of the tangent line?

Calculate $\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{dy/dt}{dx/dt}$ and evaluate at the given t.

What is the formula for $dx/dt$ if $x(t) = 2(t - sin(t))$ ?

$\frac{dx}{dt} = 2 - 2cos(t)$

What is the formula for $dy/dt$ if $y(t) = 2(1 - cos(t))$ ?

$\frac{dy}{dt} = 2sin(t)$

What is the formula for $\frac{d}{dt}(\frac{2}{3(t-1)})$ ?

$\frac{d}{dt}(\frac{2}{3(t-1)}) = -\frac{2}{3(t-1)^2}$

If $\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{4}{3}t$ , what is $\frac{d}{dt}(\frac{dy}{dx})$ ?

$\frac{d}{dt}(\frac{dy}{dx}) = \frac{4}{3}$

What is the formula for the second derivative of $x = t^3$ and $y = t^4$ ?

$\frac{d^2y}{dx^2} = \frac{4}{9t^2}$

Steps to find $\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}$ for $x=t^2$ , $y=t^3$ ?

Find $\frac{dx}{dt}$ and $\frac{dy}{dt}$ . 2. Find $\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{dy/dt}{dx/dt}$ . 3. Find $\frac{d}{dt}(\frac{dy}{dx})$ . 4. Divide by $\frac{dx}{dt}$ .

How to determine where a parametric curve is concave up?

Find $\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}$ . 2. Set $\frac{d^2y}{dx^2} > 0$ . 3. Solve for t.

Find $\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}$ if $x(t) = t^3$ and $y(t) = t^4$ .

$\frac{dx}{dt} = 3t^2$ , $\frac{dy}{dt} = 4t^3$ . 2. $\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{4}{3}t$ . 3. $\frac{d}{dt}(\frac{dy}{dx}) = \frac{4}{3}$ . 4. $\frac{d^2y}{dx^2} = \frac{4}{9t^2}$ .

How to find the second derivative of $x = t^3 - 3t$ and $y = t^2 + 2t - 5$ ?

Find $\frac{dx}{dt} = 3t^2 - 3$ and $\frac{dy}{dt} = 2t + 2$ . 2. Find $\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{2}{3(t-1)}$ . 3. Find $\frac{d}{dt}(\frac{dy}{dx}) = -\frac{2}{3(t-1)^2}$ . 4. $\frac{d^2y}{dx^2} = \frac{-2}{9(t-1)(t^2-1)}$ .

Given $x(t) = 2(t - sin(t))$ and $y(t) = 2(1 - cos(t))$ , show the cycloid is concave down.

Find $\frac{dx}{dt} = 2 - 2cos(t)$ and $\frac{dy}{dt} = 2sin(t)$ . 2. Find $\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{sin(t)}{1 - cos(t)}$ . 3. Find $\frac{d^2y}{dx^2} = \frac{-1}{2(1 - cos(t))^2}$ . 4. Since the second derivative is always negative, the cycloid is always concave down.

How do you simplify $\frac{cos(t)(1-cos(t))-(sin(t))(sin(t))}{(1-cos(t))^2}$ ?

Expand: $\frac{cos(t) - cos^2(t) - sin^2(t)}{(1 - cos(t))^2}$ . 2. Use $sin^2(t) + cos^2(t) = 1$ : $\frac{cos(t) - 1}{(1 - cos(t))^2}$ . 3. Simplify: $\frac{-1}{1 - cos(t)}$ .

What is the first step in finding the second derivative of $x = cos(t)$ , $y = sin(t)$ ?

Find the first derivatives: $\frac{dx}{dt} = -sin(t)$ and $\frac{dy}{dt} = cos(t)$ .

How do you find the slope of the tangent line to a parametric curve at a specific t?

Find $\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{dy/dt}{dx/dt}$ . 2. Evaluate $\frac{dy}{dx}$ at the given value of t.

How do you find the t-values where a parametric curve has a horizontal tangent?

Find $\frac{dy}{dt}$ . 2. Set $\frac{dy}{dt} = 0$ and solve for t. 3. Ensure $\frac{dx}{dt}$ is not also zero at those t-values.

How do you find the t-values where a parametric curve has a vertical tangent?

Find $\frac{dx}{dt}$ . 2. Set $\frac{dx}{dt} = 0$ and solve for t. 3. Ensure $\frac{dy}{dt}$ is not also zero at those t-values.

Define parametric equations.

Functions where independent functions x and y are connected via a parameter t.

What is a second derivative?

The derivative of the first derivative of a function.

What is $\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}$ ?

Notation for the second derivative of y with respect to x.

Define concavity.

The direction of the curve of a function (upward or downward).

What is a cycloid?

A curve traced by a point on a circle as it rolls along a straight line.

Define $\frac{dy}{dx}$ for parametric equations.

The first derivative of y with respect to x, found by $\frac{dy/dt}{dx/dt}$ .

What does the second derivative indicate?

The rate of change of the slope of a function; indicates concavity.

What is the quotient rule?

A rule for finding the derivative of a function that is the ratio of two other functions.

What is a parameter?

An independent variable (often denoted by 't') that relates two dependent variables.

What does it mean for a curve to be concave down?

The curve bends downwards, and its second derivative is negative.

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