A prominent activist whose commentary on natural hair was a powerful statement of Black pride and self-acceptance.

An acclaimed poet whose work, like 'Still I Rise,' became an anthem of resilience and self-empowerment for African Americans.

Cause: Rejection of inferiority, Effect: Celebration of Black culture and identity.

Cause: Racial segregation and discrimination, Effect: Landmark legislation and increased Black political participation.

Cause: Frustration with slow pace of Civil Rights reforms, Effect: Increased Black pride and self-determination.

Cause: Demand for cheap labor and racist ideologies, Effect: Profound social, economic, and political inequalities that persist today.

Cause: White supremacist ideologies and efforts to maintain racial hierarchy, Effect: Segregation, disenfranchisement, and limited opportunities for African Americans.

Cause: Economic opportunities and escape from racial violence in the South, Effect: Demographic shifts, cultural innovation, and new challenges in northern cities.

Cause: Discriminatory housing policies and practices, Effect: Segregation, wealth disparities, and limited access to resources in Black communities.

Cause: War on Drugs and punitive criminal justice policies, Effect: Disproportionate imprisonment of African Americans, family disruption, and economic hardship.

Cause: Great Migration and concentration of Black talent in Harlem, Effect: Flourishing of Black art, literature, and music, and the promotion of Black cultural identity.

Cause: Supreme Court rulings and civil rights activism, Effect: Integration of schools, increased educational opportunities, and ongoing challenges with equity and achievement gaps.

Afrocentricity: Centers African perspectives, challenges Eurocentrism | Eurocentrism: Centers European perspectives, often marginalizing others.

Assimilation: Fitting into dominant culture | Cultural Pride: Celebrating one's own heritage and identity.

Integration: The process of uniting or blending different groups into a unified society | Segregation: The separation of different groups, especially based on race.

Equality: Providing the same resources and opportunities to everyone | Equity: Recognizing that different people have different needs and providing resources accordingly.

Race: A social construct based on perceived physical differences | Ethnicity: A shared cultural heritage, language, and traditions.

Civil Rights Movement: Focused on legal equality through nonviolent means | Black Power Movement: Emphasized self-determination and empowerment, sometimes through more assertive means.

Pan-Africanism: Promotes the unity and solidarity of people of African descent worldwide | Nationalism: Focuses on the interests and identity of a particular nation.

Cultural Appropriation: The adoption of elements of a minority culture by members of the dominant culture in a disrespectful or exploitative way | Cultural Exchange: The reciprocal exchange of ideas, values, and traditions between different cultures.

Integration: Seeking to incorporate African Americans into mainstream society | Separatism: Advocating for the separation of African Americans from mainstream society.

Activism: Taking direct action to bring about social or political change | Advocacy: Supporting a cause or policy through education, lobbying, and other means.